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Definition (English):ground, n. (usu. pl.) (13c) The reason or point that something (as a legal claim or argument) relies on for validity <grounds for divorce> <several grounds for appeal>. ground, vb. (14c) 1. To provide a basis for (something, such as a legal claim or argument) <the decision was grounded on public policy>. 2. To base (something, such as a legal principle or judicial decision) on <the court grounded the decision on common law> <strict liability is grounded on public policy>. In a study of some 120 pages of the ACNUR manual, the following formulations were found to express 'grounds': motivo, as in, the 'ennumerated grounds'; a causa de, debido a, por razones de and por razones fundadas. It would seem that, at least according to the ACNUR Manual, that 'grounds' is a specific term of art in the immigration/asylum context.
Definition (Spanish):1. Pen. Y Proc. Circunstancia que apunta a la existencia de un hecho probablemente delictivo ("indicios racionales de criminalidad") y justifica la incoación de la investigación, su continuación o la exigencia de prestación de fianza para asegurar responsabilidades pecunarias. LECrim, arts. 486 y 589. 2. Pen. Circunstancia que, en conjunción con otras, permite deducir razonadamente que se ha producido un determinado hecho e incluso tenerlo por probado. -DEJ Panhispanico
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Definition (Spanish):*CAUSA. A. En general. El motivo que nos mueve o la razón que nos inclina a hacer alguna cosa. También, el antecedente necesario que origina un efecto. Se habla asimismo de causa como fundamento por el cual adquirimos algún derecho y en este sentido se confunde a veces con el título. B. En Derecho Civil. La causa existe tanto en las obligaciones como en los contratos. Para algunos, es el fin esencial o más próximo que los contratantes se proponen al contratar. C. En Derecho Romano. Como variedad del Derecho Civil en general, resulta de interés señalar las diferentes acepciones que los romanistas le señalan a esta voz en las fuentes genuinas del mismo: a) motivo o razón personal de un acto jurídico, como metus causa (debido al miedo) o causa donandi (la causa de donar, por un favor recibido, para seducir, etc.); b) el fin directo e inmediato, como la tradición o entrega, por causa de venta, de pagos; c) acto jurídico o hecho que precede a un negocio jurídico, aunque este matiz no proceda de los jurisconsultos romanos antiguos; d) elemento accesorio, como la condición, el modo y el plazo en la obligación; e) litigio, proceso; f) negocio jurídico en general; g) situación de hecho que sirve de soporte a una relación jurídica conforme a su destino; como la causa dotis, permanente, lo mismo que las cargas matrimoniales a cuyo alivio está destinada. D. En Derecho Político. Causa significa el partido o los intereses que se sirven o con los cuales se simpatiza en una lucha electoral, parlamentaria, ciudadana; también, un bando en una guerra civil o internacional. E. En Derecho Procesal. Contienda judicial; esto es, todo asunto entre partes que se sigue y ventila contradictoriamente ante un tribunal, en la forma establecida por las leyes, hasta su resolución definitiva. Expediente o proceso que se forma para la substanciación del negocio o cuerpo mismo de los autos. CIVIL. Litigio ante la jurisdicción ordinaria. CRIMINAL. Juicio ante la jurisdicción penal, para averiguación de los delitos y de sus autores, y aplicar la decisión legal pertinente. ILICITA. La contraria a las leyes, a la moral o al orden público. LICITA. La ajustada a las leyes, a la moral y al orden público; o, al menos, no prohibida por tales normas. LUCRATIVA. La que posee por título la liberalidad o la beneficencia. NULA. La que no surte efectos positivos en Derecho, porque vicia el acto esencialmente y lo condena a la ineficacia; salvo confumación o prescripción de la acción contra el mismo. La causa ilícita contra el orden público y la falsa anulan los negocios jurídicos en que se dan y, más realistamente, donde se descubren y se aducen contra su validez. PROPIA. El derecho, interés o deseo de uno. (v. Nombre.propio [En].) PUBLICA. La utilidad o el bien general. El interés de la patria. La conveniencia de los más sin olvido de los menos. SIMULADA. La presentada como verdadera por las partes, sin tener en sí existencia real.
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Definition (Spanish):(Ossorio) Fundamento jurídico Base sobre la que estriba el Derecho, la razón principal y motivo último en que asienta, afianza y asegura el mundo jurídico social (Herrera Figueroa).
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Comments:ACNUR, 'fundamento', p. 87
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Definition (Spanish):En el procedimiento criminal se llaman indicios, modo que conduzcan lógica y naturalmente al hecho de que se trata; que sean concordantes los unos con los otros de manera que tengan íntima conexión entre sí y se relacionen sin esfuerzo, desde el punto de partida hasta el fin buscado, y que se funden en hechos reales y probados, nunca en otras presunciones o indicios. Estos son los requisitos exigidos por la legislación predominante. y también presunciones, las circunstancias y antecedentes que, teniendo relación con el delito, pueden razonablemente fundar una opinión sobre hechos determinados. Así, pues, el indicio constituye un medio probatorio conocido como “prueba indiciaria”. Puede decirse que generalmente los indicios abren el camino a la investigación de los delitos. Unos muebles volcados, la posición de la víctima, la marca de un pie o una mano, la ceniza de un cigarro, un trozo de tela son elementos que, técnicamente examinados, pueden orientar sobre el posible móvil, el momento de la comisión y acerca del autor. Tienen, por lo tanto, un extraordinario valor en criminalística, y, unidos a otras pruebas, sirven al juzgador para establecer un juicio definitivo. A veces, los indicios hacen por sí solos plena prueba, siempre que el cuerpo del delito conste por pruebas directas e inmediatas; que sean varios, reuniendo, cuando menos, el carácter de anteriores al hecho y concomitantes con él; que se relacionen con el hecho primordial que debe servir de punto de partida para la conclusión que se busca; que sean directos, de modo que conduzcan lógica y naturalmente al hecho de que se trata; que sean concordantes los unos con los otros de manera que tengan íntima conexión entre sí y se relacionen sin esfuerzo, desde el punto de partida hasta el fin buscado, y que se funden en hechos reales y probados, nunca en otras presunciones o indicios. Estos son los requisitos exigidos por la legislación predominante.
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Definition (English):1. Criminal law. A reasonable ground to suspect that a person has committed or is committing a crime or that a place contains specific items connected with a crime.• Under the Fourth Amendment, probable cause - which amounts to more than a bare suspicion but less than evidence that would justify a conviction must be shown before an arrest warrant or search warrant may be issued. Also termed reasonable cause; sufficient cause; reasonable grounds; reasonable excuse Cf. reasonable suspicion under SUSPICION. [Cases: Arrest C=>63.4(2).] "Probable cause may not be established simply by showing that the officer who made the challenged arrest or search subjectively believed he had grounds for his action. As emphasized in Beck v. Ohio [379 U.S. 89, 85 S.Ct. 223 (1964)J: 'If subjective good faith alone were the test, the protection of the Fourth Amendment would evaporate, and the people would be "secure in their persons, houses, papers, and effects" only in the discretion of the police.' The probable cause test, then, is an objective one; for there to be probable cause, the facts must be such as would warrant a belief by a reasonable man." Wayne R. LaFave & Jerold H. Israel. Criminal Procedure § 3.3, at 140 (2d ed.1992). 2. Torts. A reasonable belief in the existence of facts on which a claim is based and in the legal validity of the claim itself.• In this sense, probable cause is usu. assessed as of the time when the claimant brings the claim (as by filing suit). 3. A reasonable basis to support issuance of an administrative warrant based on either (1) specific evidence of an existing violation of administrative rules, or (2) evidence showing that a particular business meets the legislative or administrative standards permitting an inspection ofthe business premises. [Cases: Searches and Seizures ~129.]
Definition (Spanish):See excellent discussion by John Zuluaga, De los motivos "fundados" para la afectación de derechos fundamentales en el proceso penal colombiano Nuevo Foro Penal No. 83, julio-diciembre 2014, Universidad EAFIT
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Definition (English):Black's: reasonably believe. To believe (a given fact or combination of facts) under circumstances in which a reasonable person would believe.
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Comments:As per UNHCR Handbook on Procedures, pp. 21 b) 53, 22 d) 59, 23 b) 69
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Comments:"Where the evidence is of equal probative weight, the party having the burden of proof cannot prevail." The Shifting Burdens of Immigration Law, p. 6
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Comments:The Shifting Burdens of Immigration Law, p. 6
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Comments:The Shifting Burdens of Immigration Law, p. 8
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Comments:presumption of unreasonableness of internal relocation due to government or government-sponsored persecution, The Shifting Burdens of Immigration Law, p. 9
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Comments:presumption of future persecution based on a finding of past persecution, The Shifting Burdens of Immigration Law, p. 10
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Comments:http://www.secretariasenado.gov.co/senado/basedoc/ley_0906_2004.html http://hj.tribunalconstitucional.es/es-ES/Resolucion/Show/4818
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Comments:various standards throughout immigration proceedings
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Comments:various standards throughout immigration proceedings
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Comments:various standards throughout immigration proceedings
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Comments:Various standards throughout immigration proceedings. See discussions in general terms list regarding 'claim' vs 'application'.
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Comments:alien's burden to prove a claim to US citizenship; The Shifting Burdens of Immigration Law, p. 2
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Comments:standard for deportability, The Shifting Burdens of Immigration Law, p. 3
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Comments:BIA's description of clear and convincing evidence, The Shifting Burdens of Immigration Law, p.3
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Comments:alien's burden to prove admissibility, The Shifting Burdens of Immigration Law, p. 3
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Comments:standard for proceeding in absentia, The Shifting Burdens of Immigration Law, p. 5
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Comments:standard for alien to prove they are not subject to exclusion under the Act, The Shifting Burdens of Immigration Law, p. 5. See discussion under 'Attorney General' in general terms list.
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Comments:Exception to the alien bearing the burden of proof that they are not subject to exclusion, The Shifting Burdens of Immigration Law, p. 5.
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Comments:Government's burden to prove expatriation, The Shifting Burdens of Immigration Law, p.6
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Comments:In general, the standard for "...a petitioner or applicant to prove that he or she is eligible for the benefit sought". The Shifting Burdens of Immigration Law, p.6
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Comments:Matter of Chawathe, 25 I&N Dec. 369 (AAO 2010), definition of the "preponderance of the evidence" standard. The Shifting Burdens of Immigration Law, p. 7
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Comments:REAL ID standard to determine whether the applicant's testimony has satisfied burden of proof. Also, the standard as per REAL ID to establish refugee status through testimony alone. The Shifting Burdens of Immigration Law, p. 7
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Comments:REAL ID standard for the exception to provide corroborating evidence for otherwise credible testimony. The Shifting Burdens of Immigration Law, p. 7
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Comments:8 CFR 1208.4(a)(2); Matter of F-P-R-, I&N Dec. 681 (BIA 2008), standard for proving an exception to the 1-year asylum filing rule. The Shifting Burdens of Immigration Law, p. 8
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Comments:Government's burden to rebut the presumption of a well-founded fear of future persecution, The Shifting Burdens of Immigration Law, p. 8
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Comments:applicant's burden in case the fear of future persecution is unrelated to past persecution, The Shifting Burdens of Immigration Law, p. 8
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Comments:8 CFR 1208.13(b)(1)(iii), applicant's burden to overcome the Government's rebuttal of the presumption of well-founded fear, The Shifting Burdens of Immigration Law, p. 9. See 'compelling evidence' in general terms list.
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Comments:applicant's burden to establish unreasonableness of internal relocation, unless there is past persecution or persecution is by a government or is government-sponsored, The Shifting Burdens of Immigration Law, p. 9
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Comments:Government's burden to overcome presumption of unreasonableness of internal relocation in case of government or government-sponsored persecution. The Shifting Burdens of Immigration Law, p. 9
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Comments:applicant's burden to overcome evidence indicating that a mandatory denial ground may apply; The Shifting Burdens of Immigration Law, p. 9
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Comments:Government's burden to overcome presumption of future persecution based on a finding of past persecution, The Shifting Burdens of Immigration Law, p. 10
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Comments:DHS' burden in termination of a grant of asylum; The Shifting Burdens of Immigration Law, p. 10
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Comments:Applicant's burden to prove probability of torture under CAT; The Shifting Burdens of Immigration Law, p. 11
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Comments:Applicant's burden for Section 203 of NACARA; The Shifting Burdens of Immigration Law, p. 11
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Comments:Government's burden to overcome presumption of qualified Salvadoran and Guatemalans' applications for Section 203 of NACARA
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Comments:Alien's burden for a motion to reopen, depending on circumstances; The Shifting Burdens of Immigration Law, p. 14
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Comments:Standard for granting redetermination of custody, The Shifting Burdens of Immigration Law, p. 15
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Comments:Alien's burden to prove an exception under section 236(c)(2), The Shifting Burdens of Immigration Law, p. 16
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Comments:Alien's burden to prove that they are not subject to mandatory detention under section 236(c)(1), The Shifting Burdens of Immigration Law, p. 16
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Comments:Special Rule 42B VAWA Cancellation