Category: Grounds and standards of proof

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English: A standard of proof, as per Black's: The degree or level of proof demanded in a specific case, such as "beyond a reasonable doubt" or "by a preponderance of the evidence." See BURDEN OF PERSUASION. This concept is so essential to the Anglo-Saxon understanding of law that it can be difficult to describe it, and to conceive of a judicial system without it. It could perhaps be described as the minimum level by which a case can be considered to be proven, based on the wording of the law (be it statutory or case law). When reading Spanish-language discussions of the concept, you will encounter the term umbral used to describe this idea: a "threshold for proof". While this concept does not exist as such in civil law countries, it is beginning to be imported, and is frequently described using a very literal phrasing, "estándar de prueba". See, notably, Los estándares de prueba en el proceso penal español, Jordi Ferrer Beltrán, Estándares probatorios en el sistema acusatorio y su desarrollo en Colombia, Claudia Edith Velandia Coy, Aplicación del estándar de prueba por los jueces promiscuos, autores varios.

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English: Grounds

Spanish: indicios


Definition (English):ground, n. (usu. pl.) (13c) The reason or point that something (as a legal claim or argument) relies on for validity <grounds for divorce> <several grounds for appeal>. ground, vb. (14c) 1. To provide a basis for (something, such as a legal claim or argument) <the decision was grounded on public policy>. 2. To base (something, such as a legal principle or judicial decision) on <the court grounded the decision on common law> <strict liability is grounded on public policy>. In a study of some 120 pages of the ACNUR manual, the following formulations were found to express 'grounds': motivo, as in, the 'ennumerated grounds'; a causa de, debido a, por razones de and por razones fundadas. It would seem that, at least according to the ACNUR Manual, that 'grounds' is a specific term of art in the immigration/asylum context.

Definition (Spanish):1. Pen. Y Proc. Circunstancia que apunta a la existencia de un hecho probablemente delictivo ("indicios racionales de criminalidad") y justifica la incoación de la investigación, su continuación o la exigencia de prestación de fianza para asegurar responsabilidades pecunarias. LECrim, arts. 486 y 589. 2. Pen. Circunstancia que, en conjunción con otras, permite deducir razonadamente que se ha producido un determinado hecho e incluso tenerlo por probado. -DEJ Panhispanico

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English: Cause

Spanish: Causa


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Definition (Spanish):*CAUSA. A. En general. El motivo que nos mueve o la razón que nos inclina a hacer alguna cosa. También, el antecedente necesario que origina un efecto. Se habla asimismo de causa como fundamento por el cual adquirimos algún derecho y en este sentido se confunde a veces con el título. B. En Derecho Civil. La causa existe tanto en las obligaciones como en los contratos. Para algunos, es el fin esencial o más próximo que los contratantes se proponen al contratar. C. En Derecho Romano. Como variedad del Derecho Civil en general, resulta de interés señalar las diferentes acepciones que los romanistas le señalan a esta voz en las fuentes genuinas del mismo: a) motivo o razón personal de un acto jurídico, como metus causa (debido al miedo) o causa donandi (la causa de donar, por un favor recibido, para seducir, etc.); b) el fin directo e inmediato, como la tradición o entrega, por causa de venta, de pagos; c) acto jurídico o hecho que precede a un negocio jurídico, aunque este matiz no proceda de los jurisconsultos romanos antiguos; d) elemento accesorio, como la condición, el modo y el plazo en la obligación; e) litigio, proceso; f) negocio jurídico en general; g) situación de hecho que sirve de soporte a una relación jurídica conforme a su destino; como la causa dotis, permanente, lo mismo que las cargas matrimoniales a cuyo alivio está destinada. D. En Derecho Político. Causa significa el partido o los intereses que se sirven o con los cuales se simpatiza en una lucha electoral, parlamentaria, ciudadana; también, un bando en una guerra civil o internacional. E. En Derecho Procesal. Contienda judicial; esto es, todo asunto entre partes que se sigue y ventila contradictoriamente ante un tribunal, en la forma establecida por las leyes, hasta su resolución definitiva. Expediente o proceso que se forma para la substanciación del negocio o cuerpo mismo de los autos. CIVIL. Litigio ante la jurisdicción ordinaria. CRIMINAL. Juicio ante la jurisdicción penal, para averiguación de los delitos y de sus autores, y aplicar la decisión legal pertinente. ILICITA. La contraria a las leyes, a la moral o al orden público. LICITA. La ajustada a las leyes, a la moral y al orden público; o, al menos, no prohibida por tales normas. LUCRATIVA. La que posee por título la liberalidad o la beneficencia. NULA. La que no surte efectos positivos en Derecho, porque vicia el acto esencialmente y lo condena a la ineficacia; salvo confumación o prescripción de la acción contra el mismo. La causa ilícita contra el orden público y la falsa anulan los negocios jurídicos en que se dan y, más realistamente, donde se descubren y se aducen contra su validez. PROPIA. El derecho, interés o deseo de uno. (v. Nombre.propio [En].) PUBLICA. La utilidad o el bien general. El interés de la patria. La conveniencia de los más sin olvido de los menos. SIMULADA. La presentada como verdadera por las partes, sin tener en sí existencia real.

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Spanish: fundamento juridico


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Definition (Spanish):(Ossorio) Fundamento jurídico Base sobre la que estriba el Derecho, la razón principal y motivo último en que asienta, afianza y asegura el mundo jurídico social (Herrera Figueroa).

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English: Basis, bases

Spanish: fundamento


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Comments:ACNUR, 'fundamento', p. 87

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English: Indicia

Spanish: Indicios


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Definition (Spanish):En el procedimiento criminal se llaman indicios, modo que conduzcan lógica y naturalmente al hecho de que se trata; que sean concordantes los unos con los otros de manera que tengan íntima conexión entre sí y se relacionen sin esfuerzo, desde el punto de partida hasta el fin buscado, y que se funden en hechos reales y probados, nunca en otras presunciones o indicios. Estos son los requisitos exigidos por la legislación predominante. y también presunciones, las circunstancias y antecedentes que, teniendo relación con el delito, pueden razonablemente fundar una opinión sobre hechos determinados. Así, pues, el indicio constituye un medio probatorio conocido como “prueba indiciaria”. Puede decirse que generalmente los indicios abren el camino a la investigación de los delitos. Unos muebles volcados, la posición de la víctima, la marca de un pie o una mano, la ceniza de un cigarro, un trozo de tela son elementos que, técnicamente examinados, pueden orientar sobre el posible móvil, el momento de la comisión y acerca del autor. Tienen, por lo tanto, un extraordinario valor en criminalística, y, unidos a otras pruebas, sirven al juzgador para establecer un juicio definitivo. A veces, los indicios hacen por sí solos plena prueba, siempre que el cuerpo del delito conste por pruebas directas e inmediatas; que sean varios, reuniendo, cuando menos, el carácter de anteriores al hecho y concomitantes con él; que se relacionen con el hecho primordial que debe servir de punto de partida para la conclusión que se busca; que sean directos, de modo que conduzcan lógica y naturalmente al hecho de que se trata; que sean concordantes los unos con los otros de manera que tengan íntima conexión entre sí y se relacionen sin esfuerzo, desde el punto de partida hasta el fin buscado, y que se funden en hechos reales y probados, nunca en otras presunciones o indicios. Estos son los requisitos exigidos por la legislación predominante.

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English: Evidence

Spanish: Pruebas


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English: Proof

Spanish: comprobante, prueba


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English: Probable cause

Spanish: Motivo fundado


Definition (English):1. Criminal law. A reasonable ground to suspect that a person has committed or is committing a crime or that a place contains specific items connected with a crime.• Under the Fourth Amendment, probable cause - which amounts to more than a bare suspicion but less than evidence that would justify a conviction must be shown before an arrest warrant or search warrant may be issued. Also termed reasonable cause; sufficient cause; reasonable grounds; reasonable excuse Cf. reasonable suspicion under SUSPICION. [Cases: Arrest C=>63.4(2).] "Probable cause may not be established simply by showing that the officer who made the challenged arrest or search subjectively believed he had grounds for his action. As emphasized in Beck v. Ohio [379 U.S. 89, 85 S.Ct. 223 (1964)J: 'If subjective good faith alone were the test, the protection of the Fourth Amendment would evaporate, and the people would be "secure in their persons, houses, papers, and effects" only in the discretion of the police.' The probable cause test, then, is an objective one; for there to be probable cause, the facts must be such as would warrant a belief by a reasonable man." Wayne R. LaFave & Jerold H. Israel. Criminal Procedure § 3.3, at 140 (2d ed.1992). 2. Torts. A reasonable belief in the existence of facts on which a claim is based and in the legal validity of the claim itself.• In this sense, probable cause is usu. assessed as of the time when the claimant brings the claim (as by filing suit). 3. A reasonable basis to support issuance of an administrative warrant based on either (1) specific evidence of an existing violation of administrative rules, or (2) evidence showing that a particular business meets the legislative or administrative standards permitting an inspection ofthe business premises. [Cases: Searches and Seizures ~129.]

Definition (Spanish):See excellent discussion by John Zuluaga, De los motivos "fundados" para la afectación de derechos fundamentales en el proceso penal colombiano Nuevo Foro Penal No. 83, julio-diciembre 2014, Universidad EAFIT

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English: Reason to believe

Spanish: razón, motivo para creer


Definition (English):Black's: reasonably believe. To believe (a given fact or combination of facts) under circumstances in which a reasonable person would believe.

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English: Merit(s)

Spanish: Mérito(s)


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Spanish: Fondo


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English: Best of your knowledge

Spanish: A su leal saber y entender


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English: ennumerated grounds (for asylum)

Spanish: motivo, motivos


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Comments:As per UNHCR Handbook on Procedures, pp. 21 b) 53, 22 d) 59, 23 b) 69

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Spanish: evidencia


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English: bear the burden

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English: evidence of equal probative weight

Spanish: pruebas que tienen un peso probativo igual


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Comments:"Where the evidence is of equal probative weight, the party having the burden of proof cannot prevail." The Shifting Burdens of Immigration Law, p. 6

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English: it should be granted in exercise of discretion

Spanish: se debe de conceder en el ejercicio de la discreción


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Comments:The Shifting Burdens of Immigration Law, p. 6

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English: presumed to have a well-founded fear of persecution on the basis of the original claim

Spanish: se le presumirá tener un temor fundado de la persecución basado en las pretensiones, la solicitud original


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Comments:The Shifting Burdens of Immigration Law, p. 8

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English: it shall be presumed that internal relocation would not be reasonable

Spanish: se presumirá que la reubicación dentro del país no sería razonable


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Comments:presumption of unreasonableness of internal relocation due to government or government-sponsored persecution, The Shifting Burdens of Immigration Law, p. 9

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English: it shall be presumed that the applicant's life or freedom would be threatened in the future in the country of removal on the basis of the original claim

Spanish: se presumirá que la vida o la libertad del solicitante se vería amenazada en el futuro en el país de expulsión basado en las pretensiones originales


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Comments:presumption of future persecution based on a finding of past persecution, The Shifting Burdens of Immigration Law, p. 10

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English: clear and convincing evidence

Spanish: pruebas claras y convincentes


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Comments:various standards throughout immigration proceedings

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English: clear, unequivocal, and convincing evidence

Spanish: pruebas claras, inequívocas y convincentes


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Comments:various standards throughout immigration proceedings

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English: give rise to a rebuttable presumption

Spanish: dar lugar a una presunción refutable


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Comments:various standards throughout immigration proceedings

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English: to substantiate a claim

Spanish: sustentar, fundamentar una pretensión, solicitud


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Comments:Various standards throughout immigration proceedings. See discussions in general terms list regarding 'claim' vs 'application'.

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English: preponderance of credible evidence

Spanish: una preponderancia de prueba, evidencia creíble


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Comments:alien's burden to prove a claim to US citizenship; The Shifting Burdens of Immigration Law, p. 2

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English: reasonable, substantial, and probative evidence

Spanish: pruebas razonables, considerables y probatorias


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Comments:standard for deportability, The Shifting Burdens of Immigration Law, p. 3

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English: highly probably true

Spanish: con alto grado de certeza


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Comments:BIA's description of clear and convincing evidence, The Shifting Burdens of Immigration Law, p.3

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English: clearly and beyond a doubt

Spanish: claramente y sin lugar a duda


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Comments:alien's burden to prove admissibility, The Shifting Burdens of Immigration Law, p. 3

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English: without reasonable cause

Spanish: sin motivo razonable


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Comments:standard for proceeding in absentia, The Shifting Burdens of Immigration Law, p. 5

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English: to the satisfaction of the Attorney General

Spanish: a la satisfacción del Procurador, Fiscal General


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Comments:standard for alien to prove they are not subject to exclusion under the Act, The Shifting Burdens of Immigration Law, p. 5. See discussion under 'Attorney General' in general terms list.

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English: applicant has a "colorable" claim to status

Spanish: el, la solicitante tiene derecho aparente, parece tener derecho a una condición migratoria legal


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Comments:Exception to the alien bearing the burden of proof that they are not subject to exclusion, The Shifting Burdens of Immigration Law, p. 5.

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English: strict and exact

Spanish: estricto y exacto


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Comments:Government's burden to prove expatriation, The Shifting Burdens of Immigration Law, p.6

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English: preponderance of the evidence

Spanish: preponderancia de la prueba


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Comments:In general, the standard for "...a petitioner or applicant to prove that he or she is eligible for the benefit sought". The Shifting Burdens of Immigration Law, p.6

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English: demonstrate that the applicant's claim is "probably true"

Spanish: demostrar que la solicitud, las pretensiones del (la) solicitante es (son) "probablemente verdadera(s)"


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Comments:Matter of Chawathe, 25 I&N Dec. 369 (AAO 2010), definition of the "preponderance of the evidence" standard. The Shifting Burdens of Immigration Law, p. 7

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English: credible, is persuasive, and refers to specific facts

Spanish: creíble, es persuasiva, y hace referencia a hechos específicos


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Comments:REAL ID standard to determine whether the applicant's testimony has satisfied burden of proof. Also, the standard as per REAL ID to establish refugee status through testimony alone. The Shifting Burdens of Immigration Law, p. 7

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English: demonstrate(s) that the applicant does not have the evidence and cannot reasonably obtain the evidence

Spanish: demuestra(n) que el (la) solicitante no tiene las pruebas y no las podría conseguir de manera razonable


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Comments:REAL ID standard for the exception to provide corroborating evidence for otherwise credible testimony. The Shifting Burdens of Immigration Law, p. 7

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English: To the satisfaction of the asylum officer, the immigration judge, or the Board that he or she qualifies for an exception to the 1-year deadline based on changed circumstances or extraordinary circumstances.

Spanish: a la satisfacción del oficial de asilo, el juez de lo migratorio, o a la Junta que el o ella cumple con los requisitos para una excepción a la fecha límite de 1 año basado en circunstancias cambiadas o extraordinarias.


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Comments:8 CFR 1208.4(a)(2); Matter of F-P-R-, I&N Dec. 681 (BIA 2008), standard for proving an exception to the 1-year asylum filing rule. The Shifting Burdens of Immigration Law, p. 8

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English: …a preponderance of the evidence a fundamental change in circumstances such that the applicant no longer has a well-founded fear of persecution or that the applicant could avoid future persecution by relocating to anoher part of the alien's country and, under all the circumstances, it would be reasonable to expect the applicant to do so.

Spanish: …una preponderancia de las pruebas que haya un cambio fundamental en las circunstancias tal que el o la solicitante ya no tenga temor fundado de la persecución o que el o la solicitante podría evitar pèrsecución en el futuro al reubicarse a otra parte del país del extranjero y, tomando en cuenta todas las circunstanciass, sería razonable esperar que así lo haga el o la solicitante.


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Definition (Spanish):—

Comments:Government's burden to rebut the presumption of a well-founded fear of future persecution, The Shifting Burdens of Immigration Law, p. 8

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Source: Refactor_ EOIR Spanish-English Glossary 2020.xlsx - Grounds and Standards of Proof.csv

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English: establish that the fear is well-founded

Spanish: demostrar, establecer que el temor está fundado


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Comments:applicant's burden in case the fear of future persecution is unrelated to past persecution, The Shifting Burdens of Immigration Law, p. 8

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Source: Refactor_ EOIR Spanish-English Glossary 2020.xlsx - Grounds and Standards of Proof.csv

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English: demonstrate compelling reasons for being unwilling or unable to return to the country arising out of the severity of the past persecution, or the application has established that there is a reasonable possibility that he or she may suffer other serious harm upon removal to that country.

Spanish: demostrar, establecer motivos convincentes por no estar dispuesto o capaz de volver al país que surjan de la severidad de la persecución en el pasado, o que el (la) solicitante ha establecido, demostrado que exista una posibilidad razonable que el o ella podría sufrir de otros daños graves al ser expulsado(a) a ese país.


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Comments:8 CFR 1208.13(b)(1)(iii), applicant's burden to overcome the Government's rebuttal of the presumption of well-founded fear, The Shifting Burdens of Immigration Law, p. 9. See 'compelling evidence' in general terms list.

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Source: Refactor_ EOIR Spanish-English Glossary 2020.xlsx - Grounds and Standards of Proof.csv

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English: establishing that it would not be reasonable for him or her to relocate, unless the persecution is by a government or is government-sponsored

Spanish: establecer, demostrar que no sería razonable que el o ella se reubicara dentro del país, salvo que la persecución la lleve a cabo un gobierno o por parte del gobierno


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Definition (Spanish):—

Comments:applicant's burden to establish unreasonableness of internal relocation, unless there is past persecution or persecution is by a government or is government-sponsored, The Shifting Burdens of Immigration Law, p. 9

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Source: Refactor_ EOIR Spanish-English Glossary 2020.xlsx - Grounds and Standards of Proof.csv

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English: establish by a preponderance of the evidence that, under all the circumstances, it would be reasonable for the applicant to relocate

Spanish: establecer, demostrar, probar por medio de una preponderancia de la prueba que, al tomar en cuenta todas las circunstancias, sería razonable que el o la solicitante se reubíque dentro del país


Definition (English):—

Definition (Spanish):—

Comments:Government's burden to overcome presumption of unreasonableness of internal relocation in case of government or government-sponsored persecution. The Shifting Burdens of Immigration Law, p. 9

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Source: Refactor_ EOIR Spanish-English Glossary 2020.xlsx - Grounds and Standards of Proof.csv

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English: prove by a preponderance of the evidence that he or she did not so act

Spanish: probar por medio de una preponderancia de la prueba que el o ella no actuó de tal manera


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Definition (Spanish):—

Comments:applicant's burden to overcome evidence indicating that a mandatory denial ground may apply; The Shifting Burdens of Immigration Law, p. 9

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Source: Refactor_ EOIR Spanish-English Glossary 2020.xlsx - Grounds and Standards of Proof.csv

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English: prove by a preponderance of the evidence that there has been a fundamental change in circumstances such that the applicant's life or freedom would not be threatened on a protected ground or that the applicant could avoid a future threat to his or her life or freedom by relocating to another part of the proposed country of removal and, under all the circumstances, it would be reasonable to expect the applicant to do so.

Spanish: probar por medio de una preponderancia de la prueba que ha habido un cambio fundamental en las circunstancias tal que la vida o libertad del solicitante o la solicitante no se vería amenazada basado en un criterio protegido por ley o que el o la solicitante podría evitar amenazas en el futuro contra su vida o libertad al reubicarse a otra parte del país propuesto para su expulsión y, tomando en cuenta todas las circunstancias, sería razonable esperar que así lo haga el o la solicitante.


Definition (English):—

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Comments:Government's burden to overcome presumption of future persecution based on a finding of past persecution, The Shifting Burdens of Immigration Law, p. 10

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Source: Refactor_ EOIR Spanish-English Glossary 2020.xlsx - Grounds and Standards of Proof.csv

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English: by a preponderance of the evidence that (1) there was fraud in the alien's asylum application and (2) the fraud was such that the alien was not eligible for asylum at the time it was granted

Spanish: por medio de una preponderancia de la prueba que (1) hubo fraude en la solicitud de asilo del extranjero y (2) el fraude fue tal que el extranjero no reunía los requisitos para el asilo en el momento en que se concedió


Definition (English):—

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Comments:DHS' burden in termination of a grant of asylum; The Shifting Burdens of Immigration Law, p. 10

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Source: Refactor_ EOIR Spanish-English Glossary 2020.xlsx - Grounds and Standards of Proof.csv

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English: the burden of proof is on the applicant for withholding of removal under the Convention Against Torture to establish that it is more likely than not that he or she would be tortured, if removed to the proposed country of removal.

Spanish: la carga de la prueba le incumbe a, recae sobre el o la solicitante de suspensión de la expulsión conforme con el Convenio contra la Tortura para establecer, probar que sea más probable que no que el o ella sería torturado/a, si es expulsado/a al propuesto país de expulsión.


Definition (English):—

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Comments:Applicant's burden to prove probability of torture under CAT; The Shifting Burdens of Immigration Law, p. 11

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Source: Refactor_ EOIR Spanish-English Glossary 2020.xlsx - Grounds and Standards of Proof.csv

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English: The burden of proof is on the applicant to establish by a preponderance of the evidence that he or she is eligible for suspension of deportation or special rule cancellation of removal and that discretion should be exercised to grant relief.

Spanish: La carga de la prueba le incumbe a, recae sobre el o la solicitante para probar, por medio de una preponderancia de la prueba, que el o ella reúna los requisitos para la suspensión de la deportación o cancelación de la expulsión según la regla especial y que se deba de ejercer la discreción para otorgar el amparo.


Definition (English):—

Definition (Spanish):—

Comments:Applicant's burden for Section 203 of NACARA; The Shifting Burdens of Immigration Law, p. 11

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Source: Refactor_ EOIR Spanish-English Glossary 2020.xlsx - Grounds and Standards of Proof.csv

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English: to establish that it is more likely than not that neither the applicant nor a qualified relative would suffer extreme hardship if the applicant were deported or removed from the United States.

Spanish: establecer, probar que sea más probable que no que ni el o la solicitante ni un familiar que reúna los requisitos sufriría adversidades, dificultades extremas si el o la solicitante fuera deportado/a o expulsado/a de los Estados Unidos.


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Definition (Spanish):—

Comments:Government's burden to overcome presumption of qualified Salvadoran and Guatemalans' applications for Section 203 of NACARA

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Source: Refactor_ EOIR Spanish-English Glossary 2020.xlsx - Grounds and Standards of Proof.csv

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English: a heavy burden of showing new evidence would likely chang the result in the case; a reasonable likelihood of success on the merits

Spanish: una carga de la prueba pesada de demostrar que pruebas nuevas probablemente cambiarían el resultado del caso; una probabilidad razonable de éxito sobre los méritos del caso


Definition (English):—

Definition (Spanish):—

Comments:Alien's burden for a motion to reopen, depending on circumstances; The Shifting Burdens of Immigration Law, p. 14

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Source: Refactor_ EOIR Spanish-English Glossary 2020.xlsx - Grounds and Standards of Proof.csv

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English: establish to the satisfaction of the Immigration Judge that he or she does not present a danger to persons or property, is not a threat to national security, and does not pose a risk of flight.

Spanish: establecer, probar a la satisfacción del Juez de lo Migratorio que el o ella no represente un peligro a las personas o la propiedad, no representa una amenaza a la seguridad nacional, y no representa un riesgo de fuga.


Definition (English):—

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Comments:Standard for granting redetermination of custody, The Shifting Burdens of Immigration Law, p. 15

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Source: Refactor_ EOIR Spanish-English Glossary 2020.xlsx - Grounds and Standards of Proof.csv

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English: must also satisfy the Attorney General that he or she will not pose a danger to the safety of other persons or of property and is likely to appear for hearings.

Spanish: también debe probar a la satisfacción del Procurador, Fiscal General que el o ella no representará un peligro a la seguridad de otras personas o de la propiedad y tiene probabilidad de comparecer para sus audiencias.


Definition (English):—

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Comments:Alien's burden to prove an exception under section 236(c)(2), The Shifting Burdens of Immigration Law, p. 16

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Source: Refactor_ EOIR Spanish-English Glossary 2020.xlsx - Grounds and Standards of Proof.csv

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English: show that the Government was "substantially unlikely to establish" the charges that rendered the alien subject to mandatory detention.

Spanish: mostrar que para el Gobierno sería "bastante difícil probar" las imputaciones migratorias que hicieron que el extranjero fuera sujeto a detención obligatoria.


Definition (English):—

Definition (Spanish):—

Comments:Alien's burden to prove that they are not subject to mandatory detention under section 236(c)(1), The Shifting Burdens of Immigration Law, p. 16

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Source: Refactor_ EOIR Spanish-English Glossary 2020.xlsx - Grounds and Standards of Proof.csv

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English: battery or extreme cruelty

Spanish: golpes o crueldad extrema


Definition (English):—

Definition (Spanish):—

Comments:Special Rule 42B VAWA Cancellation

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Source: Refactor_ EOIR Spanish-English Glossary 2020.xlsx - Grounds and Standards of Proof.csv

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