Category: Decisions and appeals

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Definition (English):1. A judicial or agency determination after consideration ofthe facts and the law; esp., a ruling, order, or judgment pronounced by a court when considering or disposing of a case. See JUDGMENT (1); OPINION (1). - decisional, adj.

Definition (Spanish):(decision) 1. Gral. Acuerdo o resolución final de cualquier persona, organismo o establecimiento, público o privado. 2. Proc. Manifestación de la potestad resolutoria conocida a los jueces y tribunales, que los faculta para resolver, mediante auto o sentencia, la pretensión sometida a su consideración. 3. Eur. Acto jurídico de carácter obligatorio en todos sus elementos adoptado por las instituciones de la UE, que puede dirigirse o no a un destinatario específico. 4. Adm. Resolución de un órgano competente de la Administración. 5. Merc. Acuerdo societario. (auto) Proc. Resolución judicial motivada, estructurada con la debida separación de hechos, fundamentos y parte dispositiva, que decide los recursos interpuestos contra providencias o decretos, las cuestiones incidentales, los presupuestos procesales, la nulidad del procedimiento, así como los demás casos previstos en la ley.

Comments:See entry on 'affirm' or 'uphold' regarding 'firme'.

Definition (English):finding. See FINDING OF FACT. finding of fact. (18c) A determination by a judge, jury, or administrative agency of a fact supported by the evidence in the record, usu. presented at the trial or hearing <he agreed with the jury's finding of fact that the driver did not stop before proceeding into the intersection>. Often shortened to finding. See FACT-FINDER. Cf. CONCLUSION OF FACT; CONCLUSION OF LAW.

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Comments:For our purposes, 'finding' and 'ruling' should be considered synonyms. See 'ruling' for more. Note that a 'finding' in English frequently is limited in scope; a judge or other fact finder may make a finding regarding a specific issue of fact or law, although it can be used more broadly ("I find you guilty" is technically a specific issue of law, but is often expressed using 'fallo' in Spanish). 'I've made a finding regarding removability', therefore, might more appropriately be a 'decisión', although 'the prebious IJ's finding regarding removability' could easily be 'el fallo del juez de lo migratorio previo en cuanto a la expulsabilidad' would also be appropriate.

Definition (English):A court's written statement explaining its decision in a given case, usu. including the statement of facts, points of law, rationale, and dicta. - Abbr. op. - Also termed judicial opinion. See DECISION. Cf. JUDGMENT (1); RULING(l).

Definition (Spanish):Proc. Resolución judicial motivada, estructurada con la debida separación de hechos, fundamentos y parte dispositiva, que decide los recursos interpuestos contra providencias o decretos, las cuestiones incidentales, los presupuestos procesales, la nulidad del procedimiento, así como los demás casos previstos en la ley.

Comments:In the first instance context; see 'opinion' under second instance for more. Note that definitions for different types of 'opinions' cover a full two pages of Black's.

Definition (English):The judgment that a court formally pronounces after finding a criminal defendant guilty; the punishment imposed on a criminal wrongdoer <a sentence of 20 years in prison>. See Fed. R. Crim. P. 32. Also termed judgment ofconviction. [Cases: Sentencing and Punishment ~1001.]

Definition (Spanish):(pena) 1. Pen. Consecuencia que el legislador asocia en la ley penal a la comisión de una infracción penal. 2. Pen. Privación o restricción de bienes o derechos impuesta por un órgano jurisdiccional a un sujeto culpable como consecuencia de la comisión de una infracción penal. 3. Pen. Clase de consecuencia jurídica o sanción que junto con el precepto o presupuesto conforma la norma penal. (condena) Pen. Efecto de condenar. Condenar. Pen. Imponer al culpable la pena correspondiente a la infracción penal cometida.

Comments:Note that definitions for different types of 'sentences' cover a full page of Black's.

Definition (English):1. A jury's finding or decision on the factual issues of a case. [Cases: Criminal Law (:::::> 870-894; Federal Civil Procedure (:::::>2191; Trial ~ 318.] 2. Loosely, in a nonjury trial, a judge's resolution of the issues of a case. [Cases: Federal Civil Procedure (:::::>2251; Trial ~387.]

Definition (Spanish):1. Proc. Pronunciamiento del jurado que se produce una vez concluido el juicio oral, después de producidos los informes y oídos los acusados sobre diversos extremos fijados legalmente entre los que destacan los hechos y su valoración, y la culpabilidad o no del acusado. Se presenta por el juez para que, tras la correspondiente deliberación y alcanzando las mayorías previstas en la ley, se transcriba en el acta correspondiente y se lea en audiencia pública. 2. Pen. Decisión del jurado en la que este declara como probado o no probado cada uno de los hechos que le ha planteado el magistrado-presidente y, con base en ello, declara la culpabilidad o inculpabilidad del acusado respecto del delito que se le imputaba. Se hará constar por escrito en el acta correspondiente y se leerá en audiencia pública.

Comments:Black's second definition of this term, including the use of the words 'loosely' and 'resolution', is notable. Note that definitions for different types of 'verdicts' cover a page and a half of Black's.

Definition (English):A command, direction, or instruction. See MA::-;DATE (1). 2. A written direction or command delivered by a court or judge.• The word generally embraces final decrees as well as interlocutory directions or commands. - Also termed court order:]udicial order. See MANDAMUS. [Cases: Federal Civil Procedure Motions C::>46.J "An order is the mandate or determination of the court upon some subsidiary or collateral matter arising in an action, not disposing of the merits, but adjudicating a preliminary point or directing some step in the proceedings." 1 Henry Campbell Black, A Treatise on the Law ofJudgments § 1, at 5 (2d ed. 1902). "While an order may under some circumstances amount to ajudgment, they must be distinguished, owing to the different consequences flowing from them, not only in the matter of enforcement and appeal but in other respects, as, for instance, the time within which proceedings to annul them must be taken. Rulings on motions are ordinarily orders rather than judgments. The class of judgments and of decrees formerly called interlocutory is included in the definition given in [modern codes] of the word 'order.'''

Definition (Spanish):1. Gral. Forma que revisten algunas decisiones administrativas, como las dictadas por un ministro o un consejero autonomico. 2. Gral. Relación de asuntos. 3. Gral. Mandato dictado por una autoridad judicial o administrativa. 4. Preferencia, preeminencia, jerarquía. (Acepciones 5 y 6 tienen que ver con usos militares y bursátiles).

Comments:Note that definitions for different types of 'orders' cover more than two pages of Black's.

Definition (English):1. A court's final determination of the rights and obligations of the parties in a case .• The term judgment includes an equitable decree and any order from which an appeal lies. Fed. R. Civ. P. 54. Also spelled (esp. in BrE) judgement. - Abbr. 1. - Also termed (historically) judgment ex cathedra. Cf. RULING (1); OPINION (1). [Cases: Federal Civil Procedure 2391-2628; Judgment C=o1.] 2. English law. An opinion delivered by a member of the appellate committee of the House of Lords; a Law Lord's judicial opinion. Also termed (in sense 2) speech.

Definition (Spanish):Proc. Resolución que decide definitivamente el pleito o causa en cualquier instancia o recurso, o que, según las leyes procesales, debe revestir esta forma.

Comments:judgment' may be differentiated from 'ruling' and 'finding' in that 'judment' would refer to the resolution of an entire case, and not any of the issues of fact or law piecemeal within the case.

Definition (English):ruling, n. (16c) 1. The outcome of a court's decision either on some point oflaw or on the case as a whole. Also termed legal ruling. Cf. JUDGMENT (1); OPINION (1). [Cases: Courts C:";)88.] "A distinction is sometimes made between rules and rulings. Whether or not a formal distinction is declared, in common usage 'legal ruling' (or simply 'ruling') is a term ordinarily used to signify the outcome of applying a legal test when that outcome is one of relatively narrow impact. The immediate effect is to decide an issue in a single case. This meaning contrasts, for example, with the usual meaning of 'legal rule' (or simply 'rule'). The term 'rule' ordinarily refers to a legal proposition of general application. A 'ruling' may have force as precedent, but ordinarily it has that force because the conclusion it expresses (for example, 'objection sustained') explicitly depends upon and implicitly reiterates a 'rule' a legal proposition of more general application ...." Robert E. Keeton, Judging 67-68 (1990). 2. Parliamentary law. The chair's decision on a point of order. rule, vb.

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Comments:For our purposes, 'finding' and 'ruling' should be considered synonyms. See 'finding' for more.

Definition (English):1. Parliamentary law. A main motion that formally expresses the sense, will, or action of a deliberative assembly (esp. a legislative body). - A resolution is a highly formal kind of main motion, often containing a preamble, and one or more resolving clauses in the form, "Resolved, That ...." 2. Formal action by a corporate board of directors or other corporate body authorizing a particular act, transaction, or appointment. - Also termed corporate resolution. 3. A document containing such an expression or authorization.

Definition (Spanish):2. Int. púb. Acto adoptado por una organización internacional, vinculante o no, según las normas constitutivas de cada organización y según los términos del acto en particular. Véase también 'disposition'.

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Definition (English):2. A final settlement or determination <the court's disposition of the case>.

Definition (Spanish):(resolución judicial) Proc. Acto de decisión de un juez o de un tribunal, consistente en la aplicación mediante una operación lógica del derecho objetivo (material o procesal) a una condición de hecho que previamente se considera dada. (resolución) 1. Gral. Decisión, acuerdo, acto administrativo, instrucción, providencia, auto o fallo de autoridad gubernativa o judicial. 2. Int. púb. Acto adoptado por una organización internacional, vinculante o no, según las normas constitutivas de cada organización y según los términos del acto en particular. 3. Gral. Acción de resolver.

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Definition (English):A court's written order, in the name of a state or other competent legal authority, commanding the addressee to do or refrain from doing some specified act. [Cases: Injunction (;=202.] "[W]rits have a long history. We can trace their formal origin to the Anglo-Saxon formulae by which the king used to communicate his pleasure to persons and courts. The Anglo-Norman writs, which we meet with after the Conquest, are substantially the Anglo-Saxon writs turned into Latin. But what is new is the much greater use made of them, owing to the increase of royal power which came with the Conquest." W.S. Holdsworth, Sources and Literature of English Law 20 (1925).

Definition (Spanish):(mandamiento) 1. Pen. Acto de comunicación por el que el órgano judicial ordena la práctica de algún acto o diligencia a sujetos determinados. "Para ordenar el libramiento de certificación o testimonio y la práctica de cualquier diligencia judicial, cuya ejecución corresponda a registradores de la propiedad, notarios, auxiliares o subalternos de juzgados o tribunales y funcionarios de policía judicial que estén a las órdenes de los mismos, se empleará la forma de mandamiento" (LECrim, art. 186) 2. Proc. Forma que adopta la petición de un órgano judicial a otro de grado inferior para que ejecute una diligencia judicial. (orden) 1. Gral. Forma que revisten algunas decisiones administrativas, como las dictadas por un ministro o un consejero autonomico. 2. Gral. Relación de asuntos. 3. Gral. Mandato dictado por una autoridad judicial o administrativa. 4. Preferencia, preeminencia, jerarquía. (Acepciones 5 y 6 tienen que ver con usos militares y bursátiles).

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Definition (English):1. To confirm (a judgment) on appeal. • Sometimes, the verb is used without a direct object <We affirm>. The equivalent expression in British English is to deny the appeal. [Cases: Appeal and Error ~ 1124-1145; Criminal Law ~ll82; Federal Courts 926.] 2. To solemnly declare rather than swear under oath. 3. To testify or declare by affirmation.

Definition (Spanish):(sentencia firme) Adm. Sentencia contra la que no cabe interponer recurso alguno, bien por no preverlo la ley, bien porque, estando previsto, ha transcurrido el plazo legalmente fijado sin que ninguna de las partes lo haya presentado.

Comments:Excellent explanations here: https://www.iberley.es/temas/recurso-apelacion-orden-civil-54181

Definition (English):1. (Of an agreement) having legal force <a binding contract>. 2. (Of an order) requiring obedience <the temporary injunction was binding on the parties>. binding authority. 1. See binding precedent under PRECEDENT. binding precedent. (I7c) A precedent that a court must follow.• For example, a lower court is bound by an applicable holding of a higher court in the same jurisdiction. - Also termed authoritative precedent; binding authority. Cf. imperative authority under AUTHORITY (4). [Cases: CourtsC--:::>88, 107.) 2. See imperative authority under AUTHORITY imperative authority. Authority that is absolutely binding on a court. - Also termed binding authority. Cf. binding precedent under PRECEDENT.

Definition (Spanish):Gral. Que es de acatamiento obligatorio.

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Definition (English):1. A written statement setting out the legal contentions of a party in litigation, esp. on appeal; a document prepared by counsel as the basis for arguing a case, consisting oflegal and factual arguments and the authorities in support of them. Also termed legal brief; brief of argument.

Definition (Spanish):1. Gral. Documento escrito. 2. Proc. Escrito de parte procesal para formalizar demanda, contestación, recurso, etc. 3. Adm. Documento por medio del cual alguien se dirige formalmente a la Administración, ya sea para formular una solicitud, interponer un recurso administrativo o formalizar cualquier trámite para el que haya sido emplazado y deba realizarse por escrito.

Comments:Note that definitions for different types of 'briefs' cover a full page of Black's.

Definition (English):dismiss, vb. 1. To send (something) away; specif., to terminate (an action or claim) without further hearing, esp. before the trial ofthe issues involved. 2. To release or discharge (a person) from employment. See DISMISSAL.

Definition (Spanish):Adm. Y Proc. Denegar una pretensión mediante sentencia u otra resolución judicial o administrativa.

Comments:Note the difference between 'desestimar' and 'sobreseimiento' as per the DEJ of the RAE: 'desestimar' appears to imply a finding or decision, whereas 'sobreseimiento', explicitly, no produce efectos de cosa juzgada. This loops back into conversations surrounding with prejudice or without prejudice.

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Definition (Spanish):Proc. Terminación anormal del proceso que conlleva la conclusión eventual del mismo y el archivo de las actuaciones. No produce efectos de cosa juzgada.

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Definition (English):summary judgment. (18c) A judgment granted on a claim or defense about which there is no genuine issue ofmaterial fact and upon which the movant is entitled to prevail as a matter oflaw .• The court considers the contents of the pleadings, the motions, and additional evidence adduced by the parties to determine whether there is a genuine issue of material fact rather than one of law. This procedural device allows the speedy disposition ofa controversy without the need for trial. Fed. R. Civ. P. 56. Also termed summary disposition; judgment on the pleadings. See JUDGMENT.

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Comments:When an appeal is filed, opposing counsel generally files a motion for dismissal. This is, in many contexts, often referred to as a 'motion for summary judgment', and is often brought during trial, after a party has rested, as a way of pre-empting the remainder of the trial and asking the Judge to make a finding that said party has been unable to sustain their burden. A motion for summary dismissal is slightly different, in that it is made at the very beginning of a process (generally civil, administrative, or appellate), one could say before the process has already begun, and asks the appellate authorities to throw the case out due to legal or factual insufficiency. This is similar, but distinct in an important way, from a process that in Spanish is known as 'inadmisión a trámite'. In Spanish-language jurisdictions, commonly there is someone who has the authority (often a secretario judicial) and responsibility of deciding whether a case is admitted, or not, to the judicial process; this person makes a prima facie decision regarding jurisdiction and legal sufficiency, and either lo admite a trámite or lo inadmita a trámite. However, there is a fundamental difference here, because the person making the decision is the judicial authority itself, it is Court staff making a unilateral decision; a summary dismissal is action taken by the Court at the behest of counsel, already within the adversarial framework.

Definition (English):injunction (in-j3ngk-sh.m), n. (16c) A court order commanding or preventing an action. - To get an injunction, the complainant must show that there is no plain, adequate, and complete remedy at law and that an irreparable injury will result unless the relief is granted. - Also termed writ ofinjunction. See IRREPARABLE- INJURY RULE. [Cases: Injunction C;:::" 1.1 "In a general sense, every order of a court which commands or forbids is an injunction; but in its accepted legal sense, an injunction is ajudicial process or mandate operating in personam by which, upon certain established principles of equity, a party is required to do or refrain from doing a particular thing. An injunction has also been defined as a writ framed according to the circumstances of the case, commanding an act which the court regards as essential to justice, or restraining an act which it esteems contrary to equity and good conscience; as a remedial writ which courts issue for the purpose of enforcing their equity jurisdiction; and as a writ issuing by the order and under the seal of a court of equity." 1 Howard C. Joyce. A Treatise on the Law Relating to Injunctions § 1, at 2-3 (1909).

Definition (Spanish):(mandamiento) 1. Pen. Acto de comunicación por el que el órgano judicial ordena la práctica de algún acto o diligencia a sujetos determinados. "Para ordenar el libramiento de certificación o testimonio y la práctica de cualquier diligencia judicial, cuya ejecución corresponda a registradores de la propiedad, notarios, auxiliares o subalternos de juzgados o tribunales y funcionarios de policía judicial que estén a las órdenes de los mismos, se empleará la forma de mandamiento" (LECrim, art. 186) 2. Proc. Forma que adopta la petición de un órgano judicial a otro de grado inferior para que ejecute una diligencia judicial. (orden) 1. Gral. Forma que revisten algunas decisiones administrativas, como las dictadas por un ministro o un consejero autonomico. 2. Gral. Relación de asuntos. 3. Gral. Mandato dictado por una autoridad judicial o administrativa. 4. Preferencia, preeminencia, jerarquía. (Acepciones 5 y 6 tienen que ver con usos militares y bursátiles).

Comments:See 'writ'.

Definition (English):1. To rule against; to reject <the judge overruled all of the defendant's objections>. 2. (Of a court) to overturn or set aside (a precedent) by expressly deciding that it should no longer be controlling law <in Brown v. Board ofEducation, the Supreme Court overruled Plessy v. Ferguson>. Cf. VACATE (1). [Cases: Courts (;=> 100(1).] "If a decision is not a recent one, and especially if it seems to be very poor, it should not be relied upon without ascertaining whether it may not have been expressly or impliedly overruled by some subsequent one; that is, whether the court may not have laid down a contrary principle in a later case." Frank Hall Childs, Where and How to Find the Law 94 (1922). "Overruling is an act of superior jurisdiction. A precedent overruled is definitely and formally deprived of all authority. It becomes null and void, like a repealed statute, and a new principle is authoritatively substituted for the old." John Salmond, Jurisprudence 189 (Glanville L. Williams ed., 10th ed. 1947).

Definition (Spanish):(revocación) Gral. Acto jurídico por el que se deja sin efecto una declaración unilateral anterior del mismo órgano o entidad. (anular) Gral. Declarar la nulidad de un acto, contrato, disposicón, documento o resolución judicial.

Comments:The terms 'uphold' and 'overrule' are a semantic pair that are used in several contexts within the legal world. One context is that of objections during a jury trial; in Spanish, these would be 'dar lugar' and 'no dar lugar', respectively. The appeals process, however, is a completely different context.

Definition (English):overturn, vb. (1842) To overrule or reverse <the court overturned a long-established precedent>.

Definition (Spanish):(revocación) Gral. Acto jurídico por el que se deja sin efecto una declaración unilateral anterior del mismo órgano o entidad. (anular) Gral. Declarar la nulidad de un acto, contrato, disposicón, documento o resolución judicial.

Comments:It would seem that 'overturn' is a synonym of meaning No. 2 of 'overrule'. http://www.enciclopedia-juridica.com/d/revocaci%C3%B3n/revocaci%C3%B3n.htm

Definition (English):1. To obtain the relief sought in an action; to win a lawsuit <the plaintiff prevailed in the Supreme Court>. 2. To be commonly accepted or predominant <it's unclear which line of precedent will prevail>.

Definition (Spanish):Gral. Continuar una cosa que ha empezado. "El quebrantamiento de forma que se denuncia el primer motivo [...] no puede prosperar por las razones que seguidamente se expresan"

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Definition (English):1. To send (a case or claim) back to the court or tribunal from which it came for some further action <the appellate court reversed the trial court's opinion and remanded the case for new trial>. Cf. REMOVAL (2). [Cases: Administrative Law and Procedure (;::::::>817; Appeal and Error 1106,1178, 1186; Criminal Law c?1181.5; Federal Courts (;:::;'937, 943; Removal of Cases C-:> 107(8).) 2. To recommit (an accused person) to custody after a preliminary examination <the magistrate, after denying bail, remanded the defendant to custody>.

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Definition (English):To overturn (a judgment) on appeal. • Sometimes, the verb is used without a direct object <We reverse>. The equivalent expression in British English is to allow the appeal. [Cases: Appeal and Error ~ 1156-1180; Criminal Law (1187; Federal Courts 932.]

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Definition (English):The decision issued by the Supreme Court of the United States; as such, a dispositive appellate decision, as opposed to the sentence in a first-instance criminal matter.

Definition (Spanish):La decisión emitida por el Tribunal Supremo de España, pues, una decisión resolutoria de segunda instancia.

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Definition (English):Garner's: " = to remain good law. E.g., "Amanda Acquisition Corp. . . . Claimed that the statute was unconstitutional and that if it were allowed to stand, the company's offer would be doomed."

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Definition (Spanish):(sentencia firme) Adm. Sentencia contra la que no cabe interponer recurso alguno, bien por no preverlo la ley, bien porque, estando previsto, ha transcurrido el plazo legalmente fijado sin que ninguna de las partes lo haya presentado.

Comments:"Por todo ello debemos declarar haber lugar al recurso de casación interpuesto por…", STS_1257_2020.

Definition (English):1. To nullify or cancel; make void; invalidate <the court vacated the judgment>. Cf. OVERRULE. 2. To surrender occupancy or possession; to move out or leave <the tenant vacated the premises>.

Definition (Spanish):(nulidad) 1. Gral. Invalidez. 2. Gral. Invalidez, declarada por el órgano competente, de un acto, contrato, resolución o procedimiento, por concurrir alguna de las causas establecidas en las leyes. Puede declararse de oficio, es impresciptible e insusceptible de convalidación o sanación. 3. Gral. Condición o vicio esencial de un acto, contrato, resolución o procedimiento, que determina que pueda instarse contra él y prosperar una acción de nulidad. 4. Can. falta de idoneidad del acto para producir los efectos jurídicos pretendidos en su manifestación. La nulidad comporta el grado más alto de ineficacia jurídica, pues la ineficacia procede del mismo acto. Este es nulo no solo cuando carece de un elemento esencial del acto humano o cuando ha sido expresamente sancionado con la nulidad por falta de requisitos formales previstos ad validatem, sino también cuando falta algún elemento esencial del tipo de acto de que se trata.

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Definition (Spanish):1. Gral. Juicio, valoración respecto de algo o alguien. 2. Gral. Dictamen, informe, nota.

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Definition (Spanish):1. Can. y Civ. Representación, contrato por el que se obliga una persona (mandatario) a prestar algún servicio o hacer alguna cosa por cuenta o encargo de otra (mandante). 2. Gral. Mandamiento, obligación establecida en una disposición o instrucción. 3. Gral. Cargo para el que se es designado durante un tiempo determinado. 4. Int. Pub. Régimen jurídico establecido en el artículo 22 del Pacto de la Sociedad de Naciones por el que se confiaba la tutela de las colonias que hasta entonces pertenecían al Imperio alemán o al otomano a una potencia aliada para que asegurase su bienestar y su desarrollo, tareas que se calificaban como una misión sagrada de civilización. 5. Representación de las personas físicas para llevar a cabo la realización de una encomienda o encargo. 6. Mando o mandamiento.

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Definition (Spanish):(dictamen) 1. Gral. Informe elaborado por técnicos en una determinada materia que actúan como peritos en un proceso. 2. Adm. Informes emitidos por el Consejo de Estado y otros órganos consultivos. 3. Eur. Acto jurídico no vinculante emanado de las instituciones de la UE que contiene generalmente una opinión o valoración sobre situaciones o conductas. 4. Eur. Decisión del Tribunal de Justicia de la UE sobre la compatibilidad de un tratado con el derecho originario de la UE, emitido con anterioridad a la manifestación del consentimiento de la Unión en obligarse por el tratado. En caso de ser negativo, impide la celebración del tratado. 5. Can. Opinión, juicio o valoración técnica que se emite para la posterior emisión de un acto jurídico.

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