English: 212C waiver
Spanish: exoneración conforme con la 212C
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English: abandon an appeal
Spanish: desistir a la apelación
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Comments:As per Jowers, pp. 166, various entries
English: abandonment of application, claim, relief
Spanish: desestimación de la apelación, la solicitud, el amparo solicitado
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Definition (Spanish):—
Comments:As per Jowers, pp. 166, various entries
English: ABC (American Baptist Church)
Spanish: Iglesia Bautista Norteamericana
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Comments:This may seem like a random term. Fair enough. It refers to case law: the American Baptist Churches v. Thornburgh (ABC) Settlement Agreement https://www.uscis.gov/humanitarian/refugees-and-asylum/asylum/american-baptist-churches-v-thornburgh-abc-settlement-agreement
English: absentia order
Spanish: orden en ausencia
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English: academic training
Spanish: formación academica
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English: accredited representative
Spanish: representante acreditado
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Comments:See 'Qualified Representative'. Qualified -- works with those who are not competent. Accredited -- not necessarily an attorney, can be prime.
English: acquired citizenship
Spanish: ciudadanía de orígen/por nacimiento
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Comments:In Spain and Guatemala, this is 'Ciudadanía de orígen'; in Mexico, 'por nacimiento'. See also 'Derivative Citizenship'.
English: adjourn the case
Spanish: levantar la sesión
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Comments:When a case is being 'adjourned' for a lengthy amount of time (weeks, months, years) consider 'suspender la sesión'.
English: adjudication
Spanish: adjudicación
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Comments:Manual de procedimientos y criterios para determinar la condición de refugiado y directrices sobre protección internacional, 169, 220, 235. También véase el diccionario del español jurídico de la RAE.
English: adjudication withheld
Spanish: suspensión de la adjudicación
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Comments:See adjudication
English: adjustment of, to immigrant status
Spanish: (visa to LPR) cambio de condicón (migratoria); (out of status/undocumented to LPR) regularización
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Comments:Status is 'condición'. This is the term used by Mexico; Spain doesn't have a clear, obvious term for it. There is an asterisk here: "adjustment" covers a very broad range of circumstances, everything from SIJS to 42B to someone here on an H1B getting an I-130 through a USC spouse and then processing an I-485. In Mexico, going from undocumented/out of status to LPR equivalent would be "regularización", whereas going from a student visa to a residence status would be "cambio de condición de estancia". So, cambio de condición is always correct; regularización is correct when going from undocumented to LPR. https://www.gob.mx/tramites/identidad See 'nationality and status' reference for more guidance.
English: administrative closing, closure
Spanish: sobreseímiento a nivel administrativo
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Comments:RAE, 'sobreseer': "Der. Poner fin a un procedimiento penal o sancionador sin llegar a una resolución sobre el fondo."
English: administrative processing
Spanish: tramitación administrativa
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English: admissibility of evidence
Spanish: admisibilidad de las pruebas
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English: admissible (to enter)
Spanish: admisible (para entrar al país)
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Comments:See discussion under 'Entry'.
English: admission
Spanish: admisión; internación
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Comments:See discussion under 'Entry'.
English: admit allegations (and concede removability)
Spanish: admitir las pretensiones de hecho/fácticas, reconocer la expulsabilidad
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English: admitted or paroled
Spanish: Admitido o admitido condicionalmente al país
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English: adopted child
Spanish: Menor adoptado
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English: advance parole
Spanish: Permiso condicional anticipada de entrar al país
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English: affidavit of support
Spanish: Declaración jurada de patrocinio económico
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Comments:As per USCIS.
English: affidavit, sworn statement
Spanish: afidávit, declaración jurada
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English: affirmative asylum process
Spanish: Proceso de asilo afirmativo
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English: affirmed (an appeal)
Spanish: declarar firme (la resolución recurrida o apelada), declarar haber lugar
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Comments:See 'Decisions and Appeals' reference
English: age out
Spanish: pasar, sobrepasar la edad máxima
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English: agent
Spanish: (Law Enforcement officer) Agente; (Government employee) Funcionario; (Authorized representative) Apoderado
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English: aggravated felon
Spanish: Autor, con antecedentes de delitos con agravantes
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English: aggregate term of imprisonment
Spanish: periodo total de reclusión
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English: AILA
Spanish: AILA
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Comments:Absent an official translation from AILA, treat their acronym as a proper noun and leave it untranslated; if clarification is required, the full name is American Immigration Lawyers Association.
English: alias
Spanish: Alias
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Comments:Also consider sobrenombre, which depending on the context can have meanings as varied as nickname, alias, AKA, or nom de guerre.
English: alien
Spanish: Extranjero
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English: alien registration number ("A" Number)/alien ID number/alien number
Spanish: Número de extranjero
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English: alien smuggling
Spanish: Trata de extranjeros
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Comments:While in English, 'smuggling' can be used for any sort of thing or person, Spanish does make a differentiation between contrabando, de bienes, and trata, de personas. That said, a common question is did you hire a smuggler to get you across the border? Though this could be rendered simply with the term 'contrabandista', 'traficador de personas' is also found in the Mexican press and is readily understood.
English: aliens previously removed
Spanish: Extranjero previamente expulsado
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English: allegations v. charges
Spanish: pretensiones de hecho/fácticas v. imputaciones
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English: alleged persecution
Spanish: presunta, supuesta persecución
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Comments:Alegada' would mean 'that has been argued', roughly, and therefore is not the meaning sought here. Two good options are 'presunto' and 'supuesto'.
English: alternate order of removal
Spanish: Orden alternativa de expulsión
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English: annual limit
Spanish: límite anual
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Comments:A number of different types of visas (including those granted through 42-B relief) have limits as to the number that can be issued each year.
English: Antiterrorism and Effective Death Penalty Act
Spanish: Ley de Antiterrorismo y de una Pena de Muerte Efectiva
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Comments:The 'death penalty' part of this refers to provisions for the death penalty in the use of plastic explosives, as well as in the killing or attempted killing of multiple people. (https://www.congress.gov/104/plaws/publ132/PLAW-104publ132.htm) The term 'effective' has a few potential meanings, primarily A) in effect, as in, vigente, B) having the desired effect, efectivo, as well as C) having the end result of despite it not being specifically provided for, which would be something like realor actual. At no point in the above-cited legal text is the term effective, in fact, defined in the way it is used in the title of the law. Are we creating an "effective death penalty" despite the absence of a death penalty, or are we creating a "death penalty" that is more effective, as in, actually results in deaths of those convicted of the corresponding qualifying crimes? It would appear that we are, in fact, referring to the latter -- as the law provides for the death penalty in more cases than previously, and strips away some (apparently many) habeas corpus protections previously available. Therefore, a literal translation is justified -- Ley de Antiterrorismo y de una Pena de Muerte Efectiva.
English: appeal
Spanish: Apelar; recurrir
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Comments:"recurrir" is technically the generic, un-marked equivalent in Spanish for "appeal" in English. However, "recursos" include a number of remedies that, in English, would be equivalent to "motions to reconsider" -- a request for reconsideration that does not go to a higher court. In English, "appeal" implies, if not necessarily requires, that the same be to a court of higher instance. Moreover, in the Immigration context, all appeals are, in fact, to a court of higher instance (although maybe, once a case has been successfully appealed at the BIA and remanded to the EOIR for further hearings, this might in fact be a "recurso"); thus, virtually whenever we are discussing appeals in the EOIR, it would be appropriate to talk about "apelaciones", which would be most accurately translated as "appeals to a court of higher instance". Of course, "recurrir" is *also* correct, but could be considered higher or more technical in its register, and perhaps should not be recommended due to that reason. See specifically Jowers, 164 and 168.
English: appeal a case
Spanish: Apelar, recurrir un caso
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Comments:See 'appeal'
English: appeal dismissed
Spanish: La apelación quedó, fue desestimada
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Comments:See 'appeal'
English: appeal, notice of
Spanish: Aviso de apelación
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English: appear to be eligible (you)
Spanish: Parece que reúne, cumple con los requisitos
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Comments:Keep in mind that 'elegible', while it is used, and if an LEP uses it, might be the best way to communicate the concept, technically means 'able to be chosen' and is a false cognate.
English: applicant
Spanish: solicitante
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Comments:Applicant: someone who is in asylum only or withholding only proceedings, or in a CFR or RFR procedure. Using the term during 240 proceedings is technically incorrect, but it occurs nonetheless. See 'parties' reference for more.
English: applicant appears genuinely afraid of persecution
Spanish: solicitante parece tener un temor genuino/auténtico de la persecución
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Comments:See 'applicant'
English: applicant for admission
Spanish: solicitante de admisión
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Comments:see above
English: applicant for political asylum
Spanish: solicitante de asilo político
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Comments:see above
English: application
Spanish: solicitud
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Comments:compare with 'petición', which is more of a request or a motion.
English: application for adjustment of status
Spanish: solicitud de cambio de condición migratoria
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Comments:See 'adjustment of status', above, and 'nationality and status' reference for more.
English: application for immigrant visa and alien registration
Spanish: solicitud de visado de residente, inmigrante y registro como extranjero
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Comments:See 'immigrant visa' for more.
English: appointment package
Spanish: conjunto de documentos para la cita
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Comments:As per Staff Interpreter Catherine Piña, this is not 'paquete' -- there is no box, no paper-wrapped package sent through the mail.
English: apprehension
Spanish: detención, arresto
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Comments:This term is often used euphemistically by DHS attorneys when they refer to migrants being stopped by ICE or CBP and detained.
English: approval notice
Spanish: aviso de aprobación
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Comments:This refers to USCIS Form I-797, issued when an application or petition has been approved. Note there are many versions of I-797 (I-797A-F), including the I-797C, which can in fact be a denial of an application. See https://www.uscis.gov/forms/filing-guidance/form-i-797-types-and-functions
English: arriving alien
Spanish: Solicitante de admisión que es extranjero/Extranjero que solicita admisión
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Comments:As per IJ DCW: The term “arriving alien” means an alien who seeks admission to or transit through the United States, as provided in 8 C.F.R. § 1235.1, at a port of entry, or an alien who is interdicted in international or United States waters and brought into the United States by any means, whether or not to a designated port-of-entry, and regardless of the means of transport. 8 C.F.R. § 1001.1(q).
English: assault and battery
Spanish: Agresión y Lesiones
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Comments:Veáse Jowers, pag. 258
English: Assistant Chief Counsel
Spanish: abogado del gobierno
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Comments:See 'Trial Attorney'.
English: asylee
Spanish: asilado
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English: asylum
Spanish: Asilo
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English: asylum claim
Spanish: (asylum application) solicitud; (request for asylum) petición; (the story, arguments, and information presented in the application and evidence) pretensión, pretensiones, reclamar, reclamación
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Comments:The application is the solicitud; the request for asylum would be a petición; a claim is what you're stating to be true. IJs frequently use this along the lines of "Sir, I believe your claim," "Ma'am, the type of fear you're claiming," and corresponds to the meaning of the term pretensión, or pretensiones. That said, it likely has to be reworked somewhat in Spanish. In the ACNUR manual, for example, renderings were offered using 'pretender', 'alegar', 'reclamar', 'invocar', and even 'hacer una denuncia'; choose carefully. See also 'claim'.
English: Asylum Clock
Spanish: acumulación de días; días transcurridos
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English: Asylum Cooperative Agreeement (ACA)
Spanish: acuerdo cooperativo de asilo
Definition (English):A bilateral agreement between the government of the United States and the government of another country which establishes the terms through which asylum seekers coming to one country may be sent to the other country in order to pursue their asylum claims in that country.
Definition (Spanish):Un acuerdo bilateral entre el gobierno de los Estados Unidos y el gobierno de otro país, por el cual se establecen las condiciones bajo las cuales a ciertos solicitantes de asilo en el territorio de uno se podrán trasladar al otro para llevar a cabo el proceso de petición de asilo en aquel.
Comments:An initial review of official government documents regarding these agreements appears to show that the term 'Asylum Cooperative Agreement' may be a sort of US English shorthand. These sorts of agreements have existed for a long time; they became relevant to the work of the interpreter during the second Trump administration, when that administration began to execute agreements with e.g. Ecuador and Honduras, amongst others, and the DHS began to, in fact, pre-termit respondents' application process in the United States in order to refer them to a 'safe third country' in order to pursue their claim for protectoin there. The official government agreements released, for example in <a href='https://coleccionlegis.com/muestra/documento/lectura/acuerdo-entre-el-gobierno-de-la-republica-de-honduras-y-el-gobierno-de-los-estados-unidos-de-america-para-la-cooperacion-en-el-examen-de-las-solicitudes-de-proteccion'>Honduras</a> and the corresponding <a href='https://www.state.gov/wp-content/uploads/2025/09/25-625-Honduras-Migration-and-Refugees-JIP.pdf'> English version from the United States refer to these agreements as `Acuerdo entre el Gobierno de la República de Honduras y el Gobierno de los Estados Unidos de América para la cooperación en el examen de las solicitudes de protección.` and `AGREEMENT BETWEEN THE GOVERNMENT OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA AND THE GOVERNMENT OF THE REPUBLIC OF HONDURAS FOR COOPERATION IN THE EXAMINATION OF PROTECTION REQUESTS`, respectively. So: they are not 'cooperative asylum agreements' per se, but rather 'cooperative agreements in the examination of protection requests'. After all--we call the thing 'asylum', but in the US, asylum is requested via the form I-589, which can encompass three forms of protection: asylum, corresponding to the legal institution created and somewhat acknowledged and implemented on an international level, suspension of removal, which in this author's understanding is a form of relief from removal, not necessarily protection, that is US-specific, and protection under the Convention Against Torture, which is a whole other ball of misery. Therefore: 'Asylum Cooperative Agreement' is a simplified shorthand for this... thing.
English: asylum interview
Spanish: entrevista de asilo
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English: asylum officer
Spanish: funcionario de asilo
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Comments:See definitions for 'agent' and 'officer/official'.
English: Asylum Unit
Spanish: Oficina de Asilo
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English: Attorney General
Spanish: Procurador, Fiscal General
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Comments:There is, of course, room for dialectical accommodation here; until recently, the Attorney General of Mexico was referred to as the Procurador General, and is now the Fiscal General. Some prominent interpreter trainers like to make a firm distinction between fiscales at a county or local level, and procuradores at a Federal level. That's fine for as far as it goes, but procurador means different things in different countries, so always keep an eye on context.
English: attorney of record
Spanish: abogado que consta en el expediente; abogado representante; abogado oficial
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Comments:Jowers provides interesting options regarding this concept in Spain, where often one employs two attorneys: one, a procurador, represents their client before a court in all pre-trial and administrative tasks; and the abogado or letrado who defends the client in court--in trial settings, for example. In other words, one specializes in procedural and paperwork issues, the other in oral argument and litigation (Jowers, 97). While interesting, this usage of procurador would be very confusing in the context of other countries' legal systems, where it may mean something more like prosecutor. There are additional uses, in Spain, Venezuela and elsewhere, of apoderado, but as this may come back into English as agent, among other uses, it is not appropriate here, either. Many law offices and agencies in the US like to use 'abogado oficial' for this phrase, but often in EOIR proceedings, it is heard when explaining that an attorney does, or does not, represent a respondent for a particular proceeding. For example, 'That's correct, ma'am, Atty Fulano is the attorney of record in your bond proceedings, but not in this, your immigration proceeding'. It may well be helpful to use a more explanatory translations in such situations.
English: attorney-client privilege
Spanish: secreto profesional; secreto profesional del abogado
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Comments:The phrase 'secreto profesional' refers to 'confidentiality' in general. Véase Jowers, p. 357; Article 134 of the Código de Procedimiento Penal de Perú, "Igualmente se tomará juramento o promesa de honor al intérprete de que desempeñará fielmente el cargo y que guardará el secreto de la instructiva."
English: authorized fingerprinting center
Spanish: Centro autorizado para tomar huellas digitales
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English: authorized fingerprinting office
Spanish: Oficina autorizada para tomar huellas digitales
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English: authorized worker
Spanish: trabajador autorizado
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English: automated scheduling
Spanish: programación automatizada
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English: avenue of relief
Spanish: amparo posible
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English: backdated stamp
Spanish: sello con fecha retroactiva
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English: background inquiry
Spanish: investigación de antecedentes
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English: balancing of equities
Spanish: sopesar, equilibrar los factores (positivos y negativos)
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Comments:This can be a very difficult phrase to deal with in the moment, and it should be noted that equities themselves are, generally speaking, positive factors (BIA Interim Decision #3342, In re C-V-T-, Respondent, p. 11), while the opposite would be adverse factors. For more details, see unusual, outstanding and countervaillance equities.
English: Bar Association
Spanish: colegio de abogados
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English: bars to asylum
Spanish: impedimentos al asilo
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English: battered child
Spanish: niño maltratado
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Comments:USCIS: "cónyuge, hijos y padres abusados" as per USCIS; For more exhaustive discussion, see 'Abuse' reference. https://www.uscis.gov/es/programas-humanitarios/conyuge-hijos-y-padres-abusados/conyuge-hijos-y-padres-abusados
English: battered spouse
Spanish: conyuge maltratado
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English: beneficiaries
Spanish: beneficiario(s)
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English: benefit (immmigration)
Spanish: beneficio (migratorio)
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English: BIA (Board of Immigration Appeals)
Spanish: Junta de Apelaciones Migratorias
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English: binding decision
Spanish: decisión vinculante
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Comments:See 'Decisions and Appeals' for more on 'decision'.
English: biometrics
Spanish: proceso biométrico
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English: birth certificate
Spanish: acta, partida, o certificado de nacimiento
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English: bona Fide
Spanish: auténtico
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English: bond
Spanish: Fianza
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Comments:See 'bail'.
English: bond Proceedings
Spanish: Proceso, diligencias de determinación de fianza
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English: border Crosser
Spanish: (uno que) cruza la frontera
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Comments:When rendering this phrase, take into account the context. At times it is used technically, to refer to a specific pattern of leaving and entering the United States, and at times it is used in a negative, derogatory sense.
English: border crossing card
Spanish: tarjeta de cruce
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Comments:The Dept of State is the issuer of this document. Their website refers to it as a "tarjeta para cruzar la frontera" https://mx.usembassy.gov/es/visas-es/turismo-y-visitantes/preguntas-frecuentes/ but that same website talks about 'calificar' and 'expirar' so... 'Tarjeta de cruce' observed by OJLR in two separate hearings in August/Sept 2019, spoken by borderlands Spanish speakers.
English: border Patrol Sector
Spanish: sector de la patrulla fronteriza
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English: borderline case
Spanish: caso dudoso, limítrofe
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Comments:Phrases involving 'dudoso' are likely to be understood. 'limítrofe' is a correct translation of 'borderline' but may be too technical for this context.
English: brief
Spanish: escrito, escritos
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English: brief, casual and innocent departure
Spanish: una salida breve, casual, e inocente
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Comments:8 CFR § 244.1: "Brief, casual, and innocent absence means a departure from the United States that satisfies the following criteria: (1) Each such absence was of short duration and reasonably calculated to accomplish the purpose(s) for the absence; (2) The absence was not the result of an order of deportation, an order of voluntary departure, or an administrative grant of voluntary departure without the institution of deportation proceedings; and (3) The purposes for the absence from the United States or actions while outside of the United States were not contrary to law."
English: burden of proof
Spanish: carga de la prueba
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English: business Nonimmigrant
Spanish: no inmigrante por negocios
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Comments:See discussion under 'business visitor visa'
English: business visitor visa
Spanish: visa, visado de visitante por negocios
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Comments:Consider the Schengen 'visado por negocios' (Spain), Mexico's 'visa de negocios' (Sec. de Relaciones Ext.), also known as 'visa de visitantes con permiso para realizar actividades remuneradas' (Instituto Nacional de Migración)
English: Cancellation of Removal and Adjustment of Status for Certain Non-Permanent Residents (EOIR 42-B)
Spanish: cancelación de (la) expulsión y cambio de condición migratoria para ciertos residentes no-permanentes
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Comments:See 'adjustment of status', above, and 'nationality and status' reference for more.
English: cancellation of Removal for certain Permanent Residents (EOIR 42-A)
Spanish: Cancelación de (la) expulsión para ciertos residentes permanentes
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English: cancelled without prejudice
Spanish: cancelado indefinitivamente
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Comments:See 'prejudice' for much more discussion.
English: case law
Spanish: jurisprudencia
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English: case Number
Spanish: número de caso
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English: CAT (Convention Against Torture)
Spanish: convenio en contra de la tortura
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English: CBP
Spanish: Servicio de Aduanas y Protección Fronteriza
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Comments:US Customs and Border Protection
English: central reason for persecution
Spanish: motivo central de (la) persecución
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English: certificate of citizenship
Spanish: certificado / acta de ciudadanía
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English: certificate of naturalization
Spanish: certificado / acta de naturalización
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English: certificate of service
Spanish: constancia de entrega
Definition (English):—
Definition (Spanish):—
Comments:Cuando se habla de 'service', las fuentes no coinciden. Collins nos da 'entregar'. Existe 'traslado de ley', que se emplea en el derecho civil Argentino; Cabanellas-Hoague nos da 'notificar'. En España, se habla de 'actos de comunicación', 'comunicaciones' en general, y más específicamente, 'notificaciones, citaciones y emplazamientos'. Parece ser que el aviso inicial de un caso en contra de uno (el clásico 'you've been served') es la notificación; luego vienen citaciones y emplazamientos. Aquí con explicación y ley citada: https://www.palladinopellonabogados.com/notificaciones-citaciones-y-emplazamientos/ En Colombia, parece que se habla de citaciones, eso sí, con 'notificación' y 'notificación por aviso': https://www.agtabogados.com/blog/que-debo-hacer-ante-una-citacion-judicial-o-administrativa/ En general, parece que no le incumbe tanto al individuo en países hispanos hacerle llegar a la contraparte la notificación; más bien eso es el deber del tribunal. Dandole otra vuelta, en Alcaraz: "dar traslado a: give notice, serve notice, pass on a notification (...) Los litigantes tienen la obligación de dar traslado a la parte contraria copias de las pruebas que van a aportar en el juicio;" En resumen: Si conoces el contexto cultural, y crees que puedes acertar con el término correcto para tal cultura, adelante. Si no, se sugiere esta traducción quizás básica, genérica, pero sin entrar en regionalismos.
English: certificate of translation
Spanish: certificado, acta de traducción
Definition (English):—
Definition (Spanish):—
Comments:—
English: certified copy
Spanish: copia certificada
Definition (English):—
Definition (Spanish):—
Comments:—
English: CFR
Spanish: revisión del temor creíble
Definition (English):—
Definition (Spanish):—
Comments:Credible Fear Review.
English: CFR
Spanish: Código de Reglamentos Federales
Definition (English):—
Definition (Spanish):—
Comments:Code of Federal Regulations.
English: change of non-immigrant status
Spanish: cambio en condición de no residente, inmigrante
Definition (English):—
Definition (Spanish):—
Comments:See 'adjustment of status', above, and 'nationality and status' reference for more.
English: change of status
Spanish: cambio de condición migratoria
Definition (English):—
Definition (Spanish):—
Comments:See 'adjustment of status', above, and 'nationality and status' reference for more.
English: change of venue
Spanish: cambio de fuero
Definition (English):—
Definition (Spanish):—
Comments:See 'venue'.
English: changed circumstances
Spanish: circunstancias cambiadas
Definition (English):—
Definition (Spanish):—
Comments:When we talk about 'country conditions', we're talking about 'condiciones', but 'circumstances' can include both 'country conditions' as well as changed circumstances here in the United States -- such as coming out as gay, a newly declared religion or political opinion that is persecuted in the country of removal. As per CLE JLCs. See also 'Grounds and Standards of Proof' for more usage of 'changed circumstances'.
English: character witness
Spanish: testigo de carácter
Definition (English):—
Definition (Spanish):—
Comments:—
English: charge
Spanish: imputación (NTA) acusación (antecedentes penales) incumbir (burden of proof)
Definition (English):—
Definition (Spanish):—
Comments:—
English: chargeability
Spanish: imputable (con la expulsión a, con expulsabilidad a)
Definition (English):—
Definition (Spanish):—
Comments:—
English: charging document
Spanish: documento acusatorio, imputación
Definition (English):—
Definition (Spanish):—
Comments:See 'charges' reference for more.
English: child
Spanish: hijo o hija
Definition (English):—
Definition (Spanish):—
Comments:Keep in mind that for many Immigration purposes, a child can be older than 18 years of age, so 'menor' or 'niño o niña' is often not an appropriate choice.
English: CIJ
Spanish: Juez de Inmigración Principal
Definition (English):—
Definition (Spanish):—
Comments:Frequently in the criminal world we will hear about 'presiding' judges, which would be 'juez presidente'. While that's a similar role to that of CIJ, the terminology is different in English, and our Spanish should reflect that.
English: CIS
Spanish: Servicio de Ciudadanía e Inmigración
Definition (English):—
Definition (Spanish):—
English: citizenship
Spanish: ciudadanía
Definition (English):—
Definition (Spanish):—
Comments:—
English: civil surgeons
Spanish: cirujano civil
Definition (English):—
Definition (Spanish):—
Comments:This is an old term, with results in Spanish from the 19th century on Google -- but the same can be said for English. They are equivalent, but has become a frozen bureaucratic term in English.
English: civil unrest
Spanish: disturbio, desasosiego, revuelta
Definition (English):—
Definition (Spanish):—
Comments:See 'Civil Strife' reference for more on this topic.
English: claim (what is claimed in an application)
Spanish: alegación, reclamación, pretensión, historia
Definition (English):—
Definition (Spanish):—
Comments:Keep in mind that 'claim' has two significantly different usages, which can occur in the same procedural contexts. "We're here for a hearing on the merits of your asylum claim" would refer to the application (and exhibits, etc) itself; "Unfortunately, the fear that you claim..." or "Even if I were to believe your entire claim...", or "This is the type of claim that..." would refer more to what the respondent asserts, and therefore will likely need an elliptical expression or a reworking of the sentence in order to give an equivalent meaning. See 'asylum claim'.
English: claimed status review
Spanish: revisión de la condición reclamada, alegada, pretendida
Definition (English):—
Definition (Spanish):—
Comments:Interim Operating Policy and Procedure Memorandum 97-3, p. 4: "The second procedure permits an alien in expedited removal who claims under oath to be a United States citizen, to have been lawfully admitted for permanent residence, to have been admitted as a refugee, or to have been granted asylum, to obtain review of that claim by an Immigration Judge where INS determines that the alien has no such claim (claimed status review). 4 Although not required by statute or regulation, claimed status review cases (except cases involving claims to United States citizenship)5 will be heard, to the maximum extent practical, within the same time frame as credible fear review cases ( within 24 hours to the extent practicable, but not more than 7 days from the filing of the charging document).” See discussion surrounding 'claim'.
English: closing argument
Spanish: alegato final
Definition (English):—
Definition (Spanish):—
Comments:—
English: cognizable PSGs
Spanish: determinados grupos sociales que se podrán reconocer por ley
Definition (English):—
Definition (Spanish):—
Comments:—
English: cohabit
Spanish: cohabitar, convivir
Definition (English):—
Definition (Spanish):—
Comments:—
English: commencement of presence
Spanish: comienzo, inicio de presencia, permanencia
Definition (English):—
Definition (Spanish):—
Comments:Spain does have a similar, while at the same time fundamentally different, immigration benefit, arraigo social, which has a 3-year physical presence requirement. Unfortunately, official descriptions of how to document the 'beginning' of that physical presence are somewhat lacking. http://extranjeros.mitramiss.gob.es/es/InformacionInteres/InformacionProcedimientos/Ciudadanosnocomunitarios/hoja036/index.html
English: commercialized vice
Spanish: negocio de la prostitución
Definition (English):—
Definition (Spanish):—
Comments:Reading the law itself, this refers specifically to prostitution, as per IJ DCW. This translation is recommended, given that 'vicio' in Spanish is much more common and isn't nearly as loaded as the English, at times translatable as 'bad habit'.
English: common law marriage
Spanish: matrimonio consuetudinario
Definition (English):—
Definition (Spanish):—
Comments:—
English: compelling evidence
Spanish: prueba convincente (resolves the Judge's doubts), apremiante (forces the Judge to take a certain stance or decision)
Definition (English):—
Definition (Spanish):—
Comments:Black's: "compel, vb. (14c) 1. To cause or bring about by force, threats, or overwhelming pressure <a lawyer cannot be compelled to testify about a privileged communication>, 2. (Of a legislative mandate or judicial precedent) to convince (a court) that there is only one possible resolution ofa legal dispute <the wording ofthe statute compels us to affirm>"; the second sense is obviously meant, here.
English: competent
Spanish: capaz, capacidad; mentalmente capaz, capacidad mental; capaz de ser procesado
Definition (English):—
Definition (Spanish):—
Comments:As discussed elsewhere (see jurisdiction, venue), 'competencia' is very much a false cognate of 'competence' within the realm of legal terminology. 'competence' in English legal terminology, at least in most court settings, almost always comes up in the context of someone's mental faculties and their ability to understand and participate in the proceedings. Thus we are talking about, generically, 'capacidad mental'. Some Spanish-language sources may refer to 'capacidad moral'; this should be avoided given its obvious judgmental connotation, as well as potential interference when discussing issues regarding moral turpitude.
English: concede
Spanish: reconocer
Definition (English):—
Definition (Spanish):—
Comments:—
English: concedes removability (respodent)
Spanish: reconoce su expulsabilidad
Definition (English):—
Definition (Spanish):—
Comments:—
English: conditional grant
Spanish: concesión, otorgamiento condicional
Definition (English):—
Definition (Spanish):—
Comments:—
English: conditional permanent residence
Spanish: residencia permanente condicional
Definition (English):—
Definition (Spanish):—
Comments:—
English: considered a danger to the community
Spanish: se le considera un peligro para la comunidad
Definition (English):—
Definition (Spanish):—
Comments:—
English: consul
Spanish: cónsul
Definition (English):—
Definition (Spanish):—
Comments:—
English: consular processing
Spanish: tramitación consular
Definition (English):—
Definition (Spanish):—
Comments:—
English: consulate
Spanish: consulado
Definition (English):—
Definition (Spanish):—
Comments:—
English: contempt of court
Spanish: (general) desacato al Tribunal; (being held/found in) contumacia, contumaz; (failure to appear/nonappearance) rebeldía
Definition (English):—
Definition (Spanish):—
Comments:Véase Jowers, p. 345
English: contested hearing
Spanish: —
Definition (English):—
Definition (Spanish):—
Comments:—
English: continual residence
Spanish: residencia continua
Definition (English):—
Definition (Spanish):—
Comments:—
English: continuance (case, hearing)
Spanish: aplazamiento
Definition (English):—
Definition (Spanish):—
Comments:—
English: continuous physical presence
Spanish: presencia física continua
Definition (English):—
Definition (Spanish):—
Comments:—
English: controlled substance
Spanish: sustancia controlada
Definition (English):—
Definition (Spanish):—
Comments:Las sustancias reguladas principalmente son sustancias químicas, las contraladas más bien drogas o estupefacientes.
English: convict (person)
Spanish: que tiene, con antecedentes (penales) (no longer locked up); recluso, preso (currently locked up)
Definition (English):—
Definition (Spanish):—
Comments:—
English: (criminal) conviction
Spanish: condena
Definition (English):—
Definition (Spanish):—
Comments:—
English: counsel of record
Spanish: Véase 'attorney of record'
Definition (English):—
Definition (Spanish):—
Comments:—
English: country conditions
Spanish: (informe sobre) las condiciones actuales del país
Definition (English):—
Definition (Spanish):—
Comments:—
English: country in transit
Spanish: país de tránsito, país atravesado en tránsito
Definition (English):—
Definition (Spanish):—
Comments:—
English: country of (last) residence
Spanish: país de última residencia
Definition (English):—
Definition (Spanish):—
Comments:—
English: country of birth
Spanish: país de nacimiento
Definition (English):—
Definition (Spanish):—
Comments:—
English: country of chargeability
Spanish: país imputado para la expulsión
Definition (English):—
Definition (Spanish):—
Comments:As per AAs and JLCs of Cleveland, this doesn't sound like 'good' legalese
English: country of citizenship
Spanish: país de ciudadanía
Definition (English):—
Definition (Spanish):—
Comments:—
English: country of former allegiance
Spanish: país de previa lealtad
Definition (English):—
Definition (Spanish):—
Comments:See 'Nationality and Status' reference for more.
English: country of nationality
Spanish: país de nacionalidad
Definition (English):—
Definition (Spanish):—
Comments:—
English: country of origin
Spanish: país de origen
Definition (English):—
Definition (Spanish):—
Comments:—
English: Court (this), Court (the)
Spanish: (Immigration Court in general) Tribunal de lo migratorio; (the building) el Tribunal; (the courtroom) la sala, esta sala; (the Judge) yo, el/la juez
Definition (English):—
Definition (Spanish):—
Comments:It would appear (RAE, entre otros) that a 'juzgado' refers to an adjudicatory body consisting of a single judicial officer who hears cases at the first-instance level. A 'tribunal' or a 'corte', however, generally refer to multi-judge panels, or at least, second-instance level adjudicatory bodies. Therefore, we should be referring to Immigration Court at least as a 'corte' or 'tribunal'. However, the EOIR is not, strictly speaking, a court; the IJs are not judges, after all. The EOIR is a body which conducts administrative hearings, and the bulk of the law by and through which it makes its decisions is administrative law. In fact, the EOIR is, in many ways, closest to what in some Hispanic countries (Uruguay, Mexico, Spain) is known as the Tribunal de lo Contencioso-Administrativo, which is a jurisdiction that in general hears cases de novo arising from disputes with the public institutions of the country. Now, the EOIR hears many cases on what you could consider a first instance basis, pursuant to the issuance of an NTA. This fits with the viewpoint of the contencioso-administrativo; the Respondent sought or is seeking admission to the country, in essence they were denied this service, and as a result there is a dispute which needs to be settled. There are, of course, many cases that the EOIR hears which are referred or transferred from USCIS, frequently with an initial denial from USCIS. This fits even more closely with the traditional profile of the contencioso-administrativo, in the sense that the individual requested a service from the public administration (asylum, adjustment of status, etc.), and this service was not provided to them -- or, the result of that service was not what they desired -- and now they seek a remedy through a body designed to hear such disputes. Based on this, the recommendation is that the EOIR be referred to not as a 'corte', but rather as a 'tribunal', in accordance with the widespread usage of this term to denote the contencioso-administrativo adjudicatory bodies in multiple countries.
English: court docket
Spanish: lista de casos (del juez, de la sala)
Definition (English):—
Definition (Spanish):—
Comments:—
English: court record
Spanish: el acta, el expediente
Definition (English):—
Definition (Spanish):—
Comments:—
English: credibility
Spanish: credibilidad
Definition (English):—
Definition (Spanish):—
Comments:—
English: credible basis
Spanish: fundamento creíble
Definition (English):—
Definition (Spanish):—
Comments:—
English: credible fear proceedings
Spanish: diligencias, procedimiento de temor creíble
Definition (English):—
Definition (Spanish):—
Comments:—
English: credible fear review
Spanish: revisión del temor creíble
Definition (English):—
Definition (Spanish):—
Comments:—
English: crewman
Spanish: tripulante
Definition (English):—
Definition (Spanish):—
Comments:—
English: crime of moral turpitude / CIMT
Spanish: Delito que implica la vileza, bajeza moral
Definition (English):—
Definition (Spanish):—
Comments:—
English: criminal
Spanish: delincuente
Definition (English):—
Definition (Spanish):—
Comments:—
English: criminal alien
Spanish: extranjero delincuente
Definition (English):—
Definition (Spanish):—
Comments:—
English: criminal record
Spanish: antecedente(s) penal(es)
Definition (English):—
Definition (Spanish):—
Comments:—
English: cross examination
Spanish: contrainterrogatorio
Definition (English):—
Definition (Spanish):—
Comments:—
English: Cuban/Haitian Entrant
Spanish: migrante, inmigrante cubano / haitiano
Definition (English):—
Definition (Spanish):—
Comments:This is such an unfortunate term for our purposes. A generic translation is suggested. HHS says "entrante", unfortunately. https://www.acf.hhs.gov/directorio-oficina-de-reasentamiento-de-refugiados
English: cumulative evidence
Spanish: pruebas cumulativas
Definition (English):—
Definition (Spanish):—
Comments:—
English: curing of defects
Spanish: subsanación de defectos
Definition (English):—
Definition (Spanish):—
Comments:—
English: current/non-current
Spanish: actual / no actual, vigente/no vigente
Definition (English):—
Definition (Spanish):—
Comments:current report = actual; current passport = vigente…
English: custody redetermination hearing
Spanish: audienca para volver a determinar (las condiciones de) la custodia
Definition (English):—
Definition (Spanish):—
Comments:This is always at least the second hearing or process determining custody conditions: ICE makes the initial custody determination. Hence, redetermination.
English: cut-off date
Spanish: fecha límite
Definition (English):—
Definition (Spanish):—
Comments:—
English: DACA
Spanish: Acción Diferida para los Llegados en la Infancia
Definition (English):—
Definition (Spanish):—
Comments:It's Wikipedia official.
English: date of admission
Spanish: fecha de admisión
Definition (English):—
Definition (Spanish):—
Comments:—
English: date of entry
Spanish: fecha de entrada
Definition (English):—
Definition (Spanish):—
Comments:—
English: date of issuance
Spanish: fecha de emisión, expedición
Definition (English):—
Definition (Spanish):—
Comments:—
English: declaration under penalty of perjury
Spanish: declaración so pena de perjurio
Definition (English):—
Definition (Spanish):—
Comments:—
English: decline to designate a country of removal
Spanish: negarse a indicar, designar un país de expulsión
Definition (English):—
Definition (Spanish):—
Comments:—
English: deem claim to be abandoned
Spanish: considerar, estimar la solicitud desistida
Definition (English):—
Definition (Spanish):—
Comments:See 'asylum claim' and 'claim'.
English: defect (that evidence suffers from the same defect)
Spanish: defecto
Definition (English):—
Definition (Spanish):—
Comments:—
English: defendant (civil)
Spanish: demandado
Definition (English):—
Definition (Spanish):—
Comments:—
English: defendant (criminal)
Spanish: acusado
Definition (English):—
Definition (Spanish):—
Comments:—
English: defense exhibit
Spanish: elemento de prueba de la Defensa
Definition (English):—
Definition (Spanish):—
Comments:—
English: defensive asylum process
Spanish: proceso de asilo defensivo
Definition (English):—
Definition (Spanish):—
Comments:—
English: defer to the Court
Spanish: le difiero a Su Señoría, lo dejo al juicio de Su Señoría
Definition (English):—
Definition (Spanish):—
Comments:—
English: deferral of removal under the Convention Against Torture
Spanish: suspensión de la expulsión conforme al Convenio Contra la Tortura
Definition (English):—
Definition (Spanish):—
Comments:—
English: deferred action
Spanish: acción diferida
Definition (English):—
Definition (Spanish):—
Comments:—
English: deferred sentence
Spanish: condena, pena aplazada
Definition (English):—
Definition (Spanish):—
Comments:—
English: denomination/sect
Spanish: denominación, secta
Definition (English):—
Definition (Spanish):—
Comments:—
English: deny a request
Spanish: denegar una petición
Definition (English):—
Definition (Spanish):—
Comments:—
English: Department of Labor (DOL)
Spanish: Departamento del Trabajo
Definition (English):—
Definition (Spanish):—
Comments:Según www.usa.gov/espanol
English: Department of State
Spanish: Departamento de Estado
Definition (English):—
Definition (Spanish):—
Comments:Según www.usa.gov/espanol
English: departure under safeguards
Spanish: Salida escoltada, bajo escolta
Definition (English):—
Definition (Spanish):—
Comments:As per EOIR Interpreter's Conference discussion, 6-19-19
English: dependent
Spanish: dependiente
Definition (English):—
Definition (Spanish):—
Comments:as per the IRS, Publication 850
English: deportable alien
Spanish: extranjero sujeto a la deportación / en condición deportable
Definition (English):—
Definition (Spanish):—
Comments:—
English: deportation
Spanish: deportación
Definition (English):—
Definition (Spanish):—
Comments:—
English: deportation order
Spanish: orden de deportación
Definition (English):—
Definition (Spanish):—
Comments:—
English: deportation proceedings
Spanish: proceso/diligencias de deportación
Definition (English):—
Definition (Spanish):—
Comments:—
English: deposition
Spanish: declaración jurada
Definition (English):—
Definition (Spanish):—
Comments:—
English: derivative citizenship
Spanish: Naturalización por parentesco
Definition (English):—
Definition (Spanish):—
Comments:It would appear that there is not a strong tendency towards universal naturalization and citizenship processes from one country to another, especially as regards the categorization of these processes. In the US we might talk about 'acquired' versus 'derivative' citizenthip; Mexico's main categories appear to be 'por nacimiento' and 'por naturalización', simple enough; both Spain and Guatemala have ciudadanía 'de orígen' (US' 'acquired'), but Spain also has 'recuperada', 'por opción', and 'por residencia'. None of those three countries has something that specifically appears to correspond to 'derivative' citizenship/naturalization. And whereas the concept of 'derivative' naturalization and 'derivative' status are corollaries in English, explaining naturalization as 'derivada' isn't particularly helpful or representative of the meaning of the English. In the context of 'derivative status', it's generally quite clear what's meant: the lead has the main case, the riders the secondary cases, and the riders are therefore derived from the lead. Hence I propose this solution for 'derivative citizenship', and a very different solution for 'derivative status'. Of course, if there is a better solution out there, it should be adopted! See 'Nationality and Status' reference for more.
English: derivative status
Spanish: condición (migratoria) derivada (de…)
Definition (English):—
Definition (Spanish):—
Comments:See 'derivative citizenship'.
English: designation of country
Spanish: designación/indicación de país
Definition (English):—
Definition (Spanish):—
Comments:—
English: DHS (Department of Homeland Security)
Spanish: Departamento de Seguridad Nacional
Definition (English):—
Definition (Spanish):—
Comments:—
English: DHS no show
Spanish: incomparecencia, no presentarse, no llamar, no responder a la falta de confirmación
Definition (English):—
Definition (Spanish):—
Comments:The correct rendering of discussions of 'no-shows' depends greatly on context. For example, a respondent may not call or appear at check-ins or appointments; in such a context, it would be appropriate to talk about 'incomparecencia' or an elliptical phrase about 'no se presentó' or 'no llamó'; however, there is another context in which this phrase is often used, which is that surrounding final nonconfirmations, which are covered in depth here: https://www.e-verify.gov/e-verify-user-manual-30-case-results/36-final-nonconfirmation
English: direct examination
Spanish: interrogatorio directo
Definition (English):—
Definition (Spanish):—
Comments:—
English: discovery
Spanish: (fase) desahogo de pruebas, intercambio de pruebas; (conjunto de documentos) pruebas presentadas
Definition (English):—
Definition (Spanish):—
Comments:—
English: discretionary relief
Spanish: amparo discrecional
Definition (English):—
Definition (Spanish):—
Comments:—
English: dismiss a charge
Spanish: desestimar una imputación
Definition (English):—
Definition (Spanish):—
Comments:If we are discussing NTA charges, then 'imputación'. This is also a good option in general, 'imputación' can be used for virtually all 'charges' in English legalese
English: disposition of a case
Spanish: la resolución de un caso o una causa
Definition (English):—
Definition (Spanish):—
Comments:—
English: diversion program
Spanish: programa alternativo
Definition (English):—
Definition (Spanish):—
Comments:—
English: diversity
Spanish: diversidad; lotería de visas, visados de diversidad
Definition (English):—
Definition (Spanish):—
Comments:As of April 2020, various US embassies (Ecuador, Paraguay, Equatorial Guinea, Argentina) refer to 'visas' or 'visados' 'de diversidad'.
English: docket, calendar
Spanish: lista de casos, causas
Definition (English):—
Definition (Spanish):—
Comments:—
English: documentarily qualified
Spanish: cumplidos los requisitos documentales
Definition (English):—
Definition (Spanish):—
Comments:This appears to be a phrase used by both the National Visa Center (NVC) and various consulates and embassies around the world. As defined in The Operation of the Immigrant Numerical Control System (state.gov): "The applicant has obtained all documents specified by the consular officer as sufficient to meet the formal visa application requirements, and necessary processing procedures of the consular office have been completed."
English: documentary evidence
Spanish: prueba documental
Definition (English):—
Definition (Spanish):—
Comments:—
English: DOJ (Department of Justice)
Spanish: Departamento de Justicia
Definition (English):—
Definition (Spanish):—
Comments:As per the Department's website: https://www.justice.gov/espanol
English: domestic violence
Spanish: Violencia doméstica / Violencia Intrafamiliar
Definition (English):—
Definition (Spanish):—
English: domicile
Spanish: domicilio
Definition (English):—
Definition (Spanish):—
Comments:—
English: DREAM Act
Spanish: la ley DREAM
Definition (English):—
Definition (Spanish):—
Comments:—
English: dual citizenship
Spanish: ciudadanía doble
Definition (English):—
Definition (Spanish):—
Comments:—
English: due process
Spanish: garantías procesales
Definition (English):—
Definition (Spanish):—
Comments:—
English: duration of status
Spanish: duración, plazo de (la, su) condición (migratoria)
Definition (English):—
Definition (Spanish):—
Comments:See 'adjustment of status', above, and 'nationality and status' reference for more.
English: EAD (Employment Authorization Document)
Spanish: Documento de Autorización de empleo, de trabajo
Definition (English):—
Definition (Spanish):—
Comments:—
English: effective legal counsel
Spanish: (el derecho a la) tutela judicial efectiva
Definition (English):—
Definition (Spanish):—
English: eligibility
Spanish: cumplir, reunir los requisitos
Definition (English):—
Definition (Spanish):—
Comments:—
English: embassy
Spanish: embajada
Definition (English):—
Definition (Spanish):—
Comments:—
English: employer sanctions
Spanish: sanciones contra empleadores
Definition (English):—
Definition (Spanish):—
Comments:—
English: employment
Spanish: empleo
Definition (English):—
Definition (Spanish):—
Comments:—
English: enter in the record
Spanish: asentar en el acta
Definition (English):—
Definition (Spanish):—
Comments:—
English: entitled
Spanish: tener derecho a
Definition (English):—
Definition (Spanish):—
Comments:—
English: entitled to be admitted
Spanish: tener derecho a ser admitido
Definition (English):—
Definition (Spanish):—
Comments:—
English: entry
Spanish: entrada
Definition (English):—
Definition (Spanish):—
Comments:We're dealing here with a series of interrelated terms: admit, enter, release, and ingresar, internar, introducir. Those last three have transitive meanings, though ingresar may also be used intransitively. Additionally, internar is the term of choice used by the Mexican Instituto Nacional de Migración for a usage corresponding to admission, but is very commonly collocated to a medical or penal context, which can quickly cause confusion. Therefore, in order to make a very clear distinction between someone entering -- of their own agency -- as opposed to being brought into the country, as well as for the conceptual simplicity of opting for calques to make it easier, entrar should be the preferential term here rather than ingresar or internar.
English: entry document
Spanish: documento de entrada al país
Definition (English):—
Definition (Spanish):—
Comments:—
English: entry visa
Spanish: visa, visado de entrada
Definition (English):—
Definition (Spanish):—
Comments:—
English: entry without inspection (EWI)
Spanish: entrar sin pasar por la inspección
Definition (English):—
Definition (Spanish):—
Comments:—
English: enumerated protected grounds
Spanish: motivos enumerados protegidas por ley
Definition (English):—
Definition (Spanish):—
Comments:—
English: EOIR (Executive Office for Immigration Review)
Spanish: Oficina Ejecutiva para la Revisión de Casos de Inmigración
Definition (English):—
Definition (Spanish):—
Comments:—
English: equities
Spanish: factores positivos
Definition (English):—
Definition (Spanish):—
Comments:—
English: ESL
Spanish: (USA) inglés como segunda lengua, (worldwide) inglés como lengua extranjera
Definition (English):—
Definition (Spanish):—
Comments:In Spanish, the native formation to describe this concept is "(name of language) como lengua extranjera"; for example, the Cervantes Institute's "Diploma del Español como Lengua Extranjera". However, due to the solid collocation within American English of "English as a Second Language", there is broad usage of "inglés como segunda lengua". Interestingly, "idioma" does not seem to be preferred when expressing this concept.
English: establish eligibility as a refugee
Spanish: demostrar, establecer que reune/cumple con/llena los requisitos de refugiado
Definition (English):—
Definition (Spanish):—
Comments:—
English: establish inadmissibility
Spanish: demostrar inadmisibilidad
Definition (English):—
Definition (Spanish):—
Comments:—
English: evidence
Spanish: (specific) prueba (abstract collective noun) evidencia
Definition (English):—
Definition (Spanish):—
Comments:—
English: evidence, to take
Spanish: (police, collecting evidence) levantar pruebas (court, judge accepting exhibits) recibir pruebas
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Definition (Spanish):—
Comments:—
English: evidentiary hearing
Spanish: audiencia, vista probatoria
Definition (English):—
Definition (Spanish):—
Comments:—
English: Ex Parte communication
Spanish: comunicación ex parte
Definition (English):—
Definition (Spanish):—
Comments:https://leyderecho.org/comunicaciones-ex-parte/ See excellent discussion of the topic from a comparative law standpoint here: http://www.camsantiago.cl/informativo-online/2019/MAR/docs/2019-03_Morales.pdf It would seem that it may not be a native concept per se in Hispanic law, but the Latinism seems acceptable and, in any case, is a term of art.
English: examination of a witness
Spanish: interrogatorio de un testigo
Definition (English):—
Definition (Spanish):—
Comments:—
English: examination of records
Spanish: revisión del acta/documentos/del expediente
Definition (English):—
Definition (Spanish):—
Comments:—
English: examine a piece of evidence
Spanish: examinar una prueba
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Definition (Spanish):—
Comments:—
English: exceptional and extremely unusual hardship
Spanish: adversidades/dificultades excepcionales y sumamente extraordinarias
Definition (English):—
Definition (Spanish):—
Comments:—
English: exceptional circumstances
Spanish: circunstancias excepcionales
Definition (English):—
Definition (Spanish):—
Comments:—
English: exchange visitor
Spanish: visitante de intercambio
Definition (English):—
Definition (Spanish):—
English: exchange visitor skills list
Spanish: Lista de capacidades, habilidades de visitantes de intercambio
Definition (English):—
Definition (Spanish):—
Comments:This is a Department of State production. It doesn't appear to have a Spanish version: https://travel.state.gov/content/travel/en/us-visas/study/exchange/waiver-of-the-exchange-visitor/exchange-visitor-skills-list.html
English: excludable
Spanish: sujeto a exclusión
Definition (English):—
Definition (Spanish):—
Comments:—
English: exclusion
Spanish: exclusión
Definition (English):—
Definition (Spanish):—
Comments:—
English: exclusion of witnesses
Spanish: incomunicación de los testigos (witnesses separated to avoid being influenced by others' testimony); exclusión de testigos (witnesses barred from testifying)
Definition (English):—
Definition (Spanish):—
Comments:The phrase 'exclusion of witnesses', in English, can refer to both the sequestration or separation of witnesses, wherein witnesses may not be present to hear other witness' testimony, as well as (generally in criminal court) to a witness being barred from testifying for whatever reason (prejudicial, etc). The latter meaning is expressed in Spanish as 'exclusión', the former as 'incomunicación'. See also 'separation', 'sequestration' of witnesses.
English: exclusion order
Spanish: orden de exclusión
Definition (English):—
Definition (Spanish):—
Comments:—
English: exercise of discretion
Spanish: ejercer la discreción
Definition (English):—
Definition (Spanish):—
Comments:—
English: exhibit
Spanish: elemento/artículo de prueba
Definition (English):—
Definition (Spanish):—
Comments:—
English: exit visa
Spanish: visado de salida
Definition (English):—
Definition (Spanish):—
Comments:—
English: expedited hearing
Spanish: audiencia, vista agilizada, sin demora
Definition (English):—
Definition (Spanish):—
Comments:—
English: expedited removal proceeding
Spanish: proceso de expulsión agilizado
Definition (English):—
Definition (Spanish):—
Comments:—
English: expert witness
Spanish: perito
Definition (English):—
Definition (Spanish):—
Comments:—
English: extension of stay
Spanish: prórroga (de la estancia)
Definition (English):—
Definition (Spanish):—
Comments:—
English: extreme and unusual hardship
Spanish: adversidades/dificultades extremas y extraordinarias
Definition (English):—
Definition (Spanish):—
Comments:—
English: extreme cruelty
Spanish: crueldad extrema
Definition (English):—
Definition (Spanish):—
Comments:—
English: extreme hardship
Spanish: adversidad/dificultad extrema
Definition (English):—
Definition (Spanish):—
Comments:—
English: factual allegations
Spanish: presunciones de hecho
Definition (English):—
Definition (Spanish):—
Comments:—
English: fact witness
Spanish: testigo directo
Definition (English):—
Definition (Spanish):—
Comments:Keep in mind that in Spanish, a testigo directo is someone who has first-hand knowledge of the facts to which the witness is testifying. Someone who can testify to facts, but not necessarily to the facts in question, would be a testigo de referenciaor a testigo indirecto.
English: Family 1st, 2nd, etc. Preference
Spanish: Familiar de 1er, 2º, etc., Preferencia
Definition (English):—
Definition (Spanish):—
Comments:This refers to a USCIS ranking system through which family members get preference in the granting of visas.
English: family ties
Spanish: vínculos familiares
Definition (English):—
Definition (Spanish):—
Comments:—
English: Family Unity Program
Spanish: Programa de Unidad Familiar
Definition (English):—
Definition (Spanish):—
Comments:—
English: Federal Poverty Guidelines/Poverty Guidelines
Spanish: línea de pobreza
Definition (English):—
Definition (Spanish):—
Comments:The 'poverty guidelines' are a simplified version of the 'poverty thresholds' and 'poverty guidelines' (umbrales de pobreza and líneas de pobreza, as per Trudi Renwick, Assistant Division Chief, Economic Characteristics Social, Economic and Housing Statistics Division) used for administrative purposes (see HHS' website on the poverty guidelines, updated each year). Línea de pobreza is recommended as an intuitive term in Spanish that communicates the concept and is in use in Spanish in the United States by the Census Bureau to denominate a corollary figure.
English: fee waiver request
Spanish: petición de exención de pago
Definition (English):—
Definition (Spanish):—
Comments:Example here: https://www.gob.mx/inm/acciones-y-programas/programa-temporal-de-regularizacion-migratoria-90502
English: fee it in
Spanish: pagar la cuota, el cobro, el costo (de la solicitud)
Definition (English):—
Definition (Spanish):—
Comments:—
English: fance of U.S. citizen
Spanish: novio/a, prometido/a de ciudadano estadounidense
Definition (English):—
Definition (Spanish):—
Comments:—
English: Field Offices
Spanish: oficina, sucursal del Servicio de Ciudadania e Inmigración de los Estados Unidos
Definition (English):—
Definition (Spanish):—
Comments:This is the term that USCIS uses to refer to its offices wherein non-asylum interviews, naturalization ceremonies, and more case-by-case services are provided.
English: file a motion
Spanish: presentar una petición
Definition (English):—
Definition (Spanish):—
Comments:—
English: final decision
Spanish: decisión final
Definition (English):—
Definition (Spanish):—
Comments:The ACNUR manual consistently gives 'decisión final' for 'final decision', pp. 105, 120, 121, all of which refer to the determination of refugee status.
English: final order
Spanish: orden final
Definition (English):—
Definition (Spanish):—
Comments:definitiva? Ejecutoriada?
English: finding, make a
Spanish: emitir un fallo, hacer una determinación (asylum officer) dictamen, determinación
Definition (English):—
Definition (Spanish):—
Comments:—
English: fingerprints are stale/current/up-to-date/clear
Spanish: las huellas digitales, dactilares no están vigentes/están inactivas/actualizadas/al día/limpias
Definition (English):—
Definition (Spanish):—
Comments:—
English: firmly resettled
Spanish: firmemente restablecido
Definition (English):—
Definition (Spanish):—
Comments:—
English: flight risk (considered)
Spanish: se le considera, estima, que representa, un riesgo de fuga
Definition (English):—
Definition (Spanish):—
Comments:The ACNUR manual consistently gives 'huida' for flight (p. 114, p.ej.); notably in that same citation, the Spanish omits the English 'relocation alternative', which speaks to the difficulty of transferring "relocation" from English to Spanish. However, this is referring to the 'flight' of persons from one territory to another to escape some sort of persecution or civil strife. When referring to a prisoner or defendant fleeing justice, the collocation in Spanish seems to be fuga. See, for example, Sentencia de Casación No. 1640-2019/Nacional, Supreme Court of Peru.
English: FOIA
Spanish: Ley de Libertad de Información
Definition (English):—
Definition (Spanish):—
Comments:Según www.usa.gov/espanol/
English: Foreign Government Official
Spanish: funcionario gubernamental oficial
Definition (English):—
Definition (Spanish):—
Comments:—
English: Foreign Information Media Representative
Spanish: Representante de Medios Informativos Extranjeros
Definition (English):—
Definition (Spanish):—
Comments:—
English: forensic document analysis
Spanish: Análisis forense de documentos
Definition (English):—
Definition (Spanish):—
Comments:—
English: Forensic Document Analysis Laboratory
Spanish: Laboratorio de análisis forense de documentos
Definition (English):—
Definition (Spanish):—
Comments:It's the analysis that's forensic, not the lab
English: Form I-294 - Advisal of rights
Spanish: Notificación, aviso de derechos
Definition (English):—
Definition (Spanish):—
Comments:—
English: forms of relief
Spanish: tipos de amparo
Definition (English):—
Definition (Spanish):—
Comments:—
English: forum
Spanish: fuero, (lower register: tribunal)
Definition (English):—
Definition (Spanish):—
Comments:see venue
English: fraud and misrepresentation
Spanish: engaño y representación falsa, representación inexacta, tergiversación
Definition (English):—
Definition (Spanish):—
Comments:This refers to section 212(a)(6)(C)(i) of the INA: "Any alien who, by fraud or willfully misrepresenting a material fact, seeks to procure (or has sought to procure or has procured) a visa, other documentation, or admission into the United States or other benefit provided under this Act is inadmissible." Consider the breadth of the meaning of 'fraud' in this context. See 'Fraud' reference for more.
English: fraudulent documents
Spanish: documentos fraudulentos
Definition (English):—
Definition (Spanish):—
Comments:—
English: fraudulent visa
Spanish: visado fraudulento
Definition (English):—
Definition (Spanish):—
Comments:—
English: Freedom of Information Act (FOIA)
Spanish: Ley de Libertad de Información
Definition (English):—
Definition (Spanish):—
Comments:Según www.usa.gov/espanol/
English: frivolous asylum application
Spanish: solicitud de asilo falsa / que contiene falsedades
Definition (English):—
Definition (Spanish):—
Comments:There is a significant body of debate amongst EOIR staff interpreters regarding how to render this term, with good reason. 'frivolous' has a meaning in US legal English, and it's not exactly the same as the meaning used here. Some interpreters staunchly defend a literal translation, insisting that the IJs should provide a clarification, through the Frivolous Warning, for example, of what a 'solicitud frívola' would be. It would be easy to go too far in the other direction, as well, and start 'explaining' too much of what is meant. What is provided here is what was suggested as a middle way in the Staff Interpreters' 2019 Teleconference.
English: frivolous warning
Spanish: aviso contra la tramitación de solicitudes de asilo falsas
Definition (English):—
Definition (Spanish):—
Comments:—
English: full and fair hearing
Spanish: audiencia completa e imparcial
Definition (English):—
Definition (Spanish):—
Comments:—
English: full and final adoption
Spanish: adopción plena y final, finalizada
Definition (English):—
Definition (Spanish):—
Comments:This phrase means that 'the legal process (of adoption) is fully completed and the law accords the adopted child all of the rights of a natural born, legitimate child' (MH). USCIS provides us with 'adopción plena y final' (https://www.uscis.gov/es/adopciones/inmigracion-por-medio-de-la-adopcion/otras-instancias-de-inmigracion-por-adopcion), and the Mexican Embassy gives us 'adopción plena': https://mx.usembassy.gov/es/visas-es/adopciones/ While international adoption is governed by various agreements -- the Hague convention of 1993, the UN Convention on the Rights of the Child -- neither of those texts refer to 'full and final' adoption.
English: GED
Spanish: Certificado GED
Definition (English):—
Definition (Spanish):—
Comments:This stands for General Educational Development Test. It would seem that they don't translate the name of it; the acronym is a copyright and a proper noun: https://ged.com/es/ So, 'certificado GED' is probably the best option, as that's how it's referred to in Spanish.
English: gender related persecution
Spanish: Persecución basada en, por motivo del género
Definition (English):—
Definition (Spanish):—
Comments:ACNUR manual, various pages and entries
English: General Naturalization Provisions
Spanish: Disposiciones Generales de Naturalización
Definition (English):—
Definition (Spanish):—
Comments:—
English: good moral character (person of)
Spanish: (persona de) solvencia moral, buen carácter moral
Definition (English):—
Definition (Spanish):—
Comments:This is a term of art that is heard throughout Immigration proceedings in the US, but is part of the respondent's burden in 42-B Cancellation proceedings. As discussed in the entry for 'moral character', 'carácter moral' is technically acceptable, and therefore 'buen carácter moral' is an acceptable approximation to the English. 'solvencia moral' is an alternate phrase, shorter, and perhaps more conceptually clear. See also 'moral character'.
English: government (the)
Spanish: el gobierno, por parte del gobierno, representante del gobierno
Definition (English):—
Definition (Spanish):—
Comments:See 'Trial Attorney'.
English: government benefits
Spanish: programas sociales, ayudas sociales
Definition (English):—
Definition (Spanish):—
Comments:As per www.usa.gov/espanol, 'Programas sociales del Gobierno'
English: government exhibits
Spanish: elemento(s) de prueba del Gobierno
Definition (English):—
Definition (Spanish):—
Comments:See discussion surrounding 'Trial Attorney'. It is good to keep in mind that the relationship between Court, DHS counsel, and respondent's counsel, while still adversarial, is not an exact corollary to the criminal adversarial system.
English: Grand Jury
Spanish: gran jurado; jurado indagatorio, acusatorio; jurado de instrucción
Definition (English):—
Definition (Spanish):—
Comments:The concept of a 'grand jury' is one that pertains to Anglo-Saxon common law. As such, various renderings are possible that express the concept to varying degrees of clarity depending on the target dialect or region. The 'jury' part of the phrase is most certainly 'jurado'; 'gran jurado' may well be an adequate choice, given that the phrase in English, "grand jury", is at this point a term of art that does not have an inherent meaning unless the listener has previously learned and understood it. 'jurado indagatorio' or 'jurado acusatorio' may well be good middle-of-the-road options, which provide a certain amount of explaining, are dialect neutral, and offer two distinct levels of register. If, however, you are sure of the listener's geographical dialect, you could opt for 'jurado de instrucción' if the listener is from any number of countries which still employs (or employed in the recent past) the figure of jueces de instrucción-- for example, Colombia, Ecuador, Spain, Bolivia, or Mexico (as per the Criminal Codes of each one of those respective nations).
English: grant
Spanish: conceder/concesión, otorgar/otorgamiento
Definition (English):—
Definition (Spanish):—
Comments:—
English: green card
Spanish: tarjeta verde, tarjeta de residente permanente, 'mica' (Mex.)
Definition (English):—
Definition (Spanish):—
Comments:—
English: Gross Sexual Imposition (GSI)
Spanish: Abuso sexual (lesser included/not rising to the level of rape or violence); agresión sexual (involved violence or aggravating factors); abusos deshonestos (involving a minor of 13 years or less)
Definition (English):—
Definition (Spanish):—
Comments:See 'Sex Crimes' reference for more.
English: grounds for removal
Spanish: indicios, fundamento, base para la expulsión, de expulsabilidad
Definition (English):—
Definition (Spanish):—
Comments:In general, 'fundamento' and 'base' are both generic terms, and 'fundamento' in particular is often seen in describing the broad foundations of entire fields of law. 'indicios', meanwhile, means both grounds in the normal sense in English, of "The reason or point that something (as a legal claim or argument) relies on for validity," (Black's) as well as often referring more specifically to the evidence which provides those grounds--pruebas indiciarias--and even to those pieces of evidence which support an evidence-based decision (prueba plena); this is not inconsistent with our usage of grounds in English, for example, "I see sufficient grounds to grant the divorce." See Ossorio and the DEJ Panhispánico for more discussion.
English: grounds of inadmissibility
Spanish: indicios, fundamento, base de inadmisibilidad
Definition (English):—
Definition (Spanish):—
Comments:—
English: hardship waiver
Spanish: exención por adversidades/dificultades
Definition (English):—
Definition (Spanish):—
Comments:Esto es exención. Veáse: https://www.gob.mx/inm/acciones-y-programas/programa-temporal-de-regularizacion-migratoria-90502
English: hardship waiver to a qualifying relative
Spanish: exención por adversidades/dificultades
Definition (English):—
Definition (Spanish):—
Comments:—
English: having been found removable
Spanish: tras decidir, fallar, resolver que está sujeto/a a, objeto de, la expulsión, expulsable
Definition (English):—
Definition (Spanish):—
Comments:—
English: head of household
Spanish: cabeza de familia
Definition (English):—
Definition (Spanish):—
Comments:Diccionario del Español Jurídico, RAE; IRS publication 850
English: hearing
Spanish: audiencia
Definition (English):—
Definition (Spanish):—
Comments:—
English: hearing on the application
Spanish: audiencia sobre la solicitud, audienca sobre los fondos
Definition (English):—
Definition (Spanish):—
Comments:—
English: home country
Spanish: país natal
Definition (English):—
Definition (Spanish):—
Comments:de origen?
English: homeless
Spanish: persona sin hogar, persona sin techo
Definition (English):—
Definition (Spanish):—
Comments:sin hogar, sin techo…
English: household income
Spanish: ingresos de la unidad familiar
Definition (English):—
Definition (Spanish):—
Comments:IRS Publication 850, pp. 11
English: household member
Spanish: miembro de la unidad familiar
Definition (English):—
Definition (Spanish):—
Comments:Check IRS
English: human trafficking
Spanish: trata de personas
Definition (English):—
Definition (Spanish):—
Comments:what about that whole 'trata de blancas' thing?
English: IBIS
Spanish: Sistema de Inspección Fronteriza Interinstitucional
Definition (English):—
Definition (Spanish):—
Comments:The Interagency Border Inspection System is a database to which numerous Federal agencies have access, and contribute information, with the purpose of sharing law enforcement and safety information.
English: ICE (U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement)
Spanish: Servicio de Control de Inmigración y Aduanas; "el ICE"
Definition (English):—
Definition (Spanish):—
Comments:As per usa.gov en español. Anecdotal experience indicates that many respondents before the EOIR will refer to them as "ICE".
English: IIRIRA
Spanish: (Ley de) Reforma de migración ilegal y de responsabilidad del migrante
Definition (English):—
Definition (Spanish):—
Comments:The Illegal Immigration Reform and Immigrant Responsibility Act. An interesting resource, though terminologically problematic at times: https://www.law.cornell.edu/wex/es/leyes_predominantes_que_afectan_la_inmigraci%C3%B3n_y_naturalizaci%C3%B3n
English: illegal alien
Spanish: extranjero ilegal
Definition (English):—
Definition (Spanish):—
Comments:We have in both Spanish and English a wide variety of options to express shades of meanings surrounding status. If the speaker says "illegal", we can say "ilegal". If the speaker says "undocumented", we can say "indocumentado"; "without papers", "sin papeles"; "without status", "irregular", "sin condición (migratoria) legal". The important thing is that we don't put our own spin on what the speaker says. See 'adjustment of status', above, and 'nationality and status' reference for more.
English: illegal re-entry of alien after deportation
Spanish: entrada de nuevo de un extranjero previamente expulsado
Definition (English):—
Definition (Spanish):—
Comments:—
English: immediate relatives
Spanish: familiares; parientes, familiares inmediatos
Definition (English):—
Definition (Spanish):—
Comments:USCIS says 'familiares inmediatos'. Other sources (A House of My Own, p. 115) would seem to suggest that 'familiares' itself would be equivalent to what is meant by the English 'Immediate Relatives', while 'pariente' indicates less immediate relations.
English: —
Spanish: visado de residente, inmigrante
Definition (English):—
Definition (Spanish):—
Comments:A number of Spanish-speaking countries offer 'visa(do)s de residencia' which are equivalent to what the US' system refers to as immigrant visas. However, USCIS' and the DOS' terminology broadly uses 'inmigrante', so that usage will be encountered.
English: immigrant visa
Spanish: —
Definition (English):—
Definition (Spanish):—
Comments:—
English: Immigration Act of 1990
Spanish: Ley de Inmigración del 1990
Definition (English):—
Definition (Spanish):—
Comments:—
English: Immigration and Nationality Act
Spanish: Ley de Inmigración y Nacionalidad
Definition (English):—
Definition (Spanish):—
Comments:—
English: Immigration Court
Spanish: Tribunal de lo migratorio, inmigración
Definition (English):—
Definition (Spanish):—
Comments:—
English: immigration inspection
Spanish: inspección, control de migración, migratorio
Definition (English):—
Definition (Spanish):—
Comments:—
English: Immigration Judge
Spanish: Juez de lo migratorio
Definition (English):—
Definition (Spanish):—
Comments:—
English: Immigration Marriage Fraud Amendments of 1986
Spanish: Enmiendas Migratorias, a la Inmigración por Matrimonios Falsos del 1986
Definition (English):—
Definition (Spanish):—
Comments:The English is awkward; see entry under 'marriage fraud' for more. There is a grammatical difficulty due to 'marriage fraud' being a noun phrase in English, whereas its equivalent in Spanish is 'matrimonio falso', a noun with an adjective. Additionally, an interesting resource: https://www.law.cornell.edu/wex/es/leyes_predominantes_que_afectan_la_inmigraci%C3%B3n_y_naturalizaci%C3%B3n
English: immigration officer
Spanish: funcionario de inmigración
Definition (English):—
Definition (Spanish):—
Comments:See discussion under 'officer/official'.
English: Immigration Reform and Control Act of 1986 (IRCA)
Spanish: Ley de Reforma y Control Migratorio, de Inmigración del 1986
Definition (English):—
Definition (Spanish):—
Comments:An interesting resource: https://www.law.cornell.edu/wex/es/leyes_predominantes_que_afectan_la_inmigraci%C3%B3n_y_naturalizaci%C3%B3n
English: immigration status
Spanish: condición migratoria
Definition (English):—
Definition (Spanish):—
Comments:See 'adjustment of status', above, and 'nationality and status' reference for more.
English: immutable characteristics
Spanish: características inmutables
Definition (English):—
Definition (Spanish):—
Comments:—
English: impeachment evidence
Spanish: pruebas de impugnación
Definition (English):—
Definition (Spanish):—
Comments:—
English: imputed political opinion
Spanish: opinión política imputada
Definition (English):—
Definition (Spanish):—
Comments:Manual y directrices sobre procedimientos y criterios para determinar la condición de refugiado, p. 12, 26.
English: in absentia order
Spanish: orden en ausencia
Definition (English):—
Definition (Spanish):—
Comments:—
English: incompetent
Spanish: no capaz, sin capacidad; no mentalmente capaz, sin capacidad mental (suficiente); no capaz de ser procesado
Definition (English):—
Definition (Spanish):—
Comments:See 'competent'.
English: in status
Spanish: con condición migratoria válida
Definition (English):—
Definition (Spanish):—
Comments:—
English: INA
Spanish: Ley de Inmigración y Nacionalidad
Definition (English):—
Definition (Spanish):—
Comments:—
English: inadmissible alien
Spanish: extranjero inadmisible
Definition (English):—
Definition (Spanish):—
Comments:—
English: income tax return
Spanish: declaración del impuestos
Definition (English):—
Definition (Spanish):—
Comments:As per IRS document 850. 'los taxes' is often heard.
English: indictment
Spanish: acusación formal, imputación (Perú, Panamá)
Definition (English):—
Definition (Spanish):—
Comments:There is a differentiation to be made in English between 'information', issued by a Prosecutor (perhaps 'acusación fiscal', as said in Perú), and 'indictment', issued by the grand jury. If a differentiation is required, simply specify 'acusación formal del gran jurado/la fiscalía'. See 'charges' reference for more.
English: Individual calendar Hearing, individual hearing
Spanish: audiencia individual
Definition (English):—
Definition (Spanish):—
Comments:The full English phrase is 'individual hearing on the merits of your applications' (as per IJ DCW, 5-12-20); that would be 'audiencia individual sobre los méritos, el fondo de sus solicitudes'. See also 'merits hearing'.
English: ineligible/ineligibility
Spanish: no cumple/incumplimiento con los requisitos
Definition (English):—
Definition (Spanish):—
Comments:—
English: injunction
Spanish: mandamiento, requerimiento judicial
Definition (English):—
Definition (Spanish):—
Comments:Black's: "A court order commanding or preventing an action." A reading of entries in Ossorio regarding interdicto gives the clear impression that this term refers to injunctions issued specifically regarding property disputes, and doesn't appear to be more broadly applicable. Ossorio, "Auto: ...En general se puede decir que, mientras la providencia afecta a cuestiones de mero trámite y la sentencia pone fin a la instancia o al juicio criminal, el auto resuelve cuestiones de fondo que se plantean antes de la sentencia." In other words, any sort of finding or order that the judge makes before the sentencing or final decision period; this is too broad for the more specific meaning of injunction. A reading of entries regarding mandato in Ossorio shows that this term clearly corresponds to the English mandate. Ossorio de nuevo, "Mandamiento: Orden que un juez o tribunal dicta, dentro de sus facultades, para que sea cumplida una decisión o se haga eficaz un acto procesal. En ese sentido se habla de mandamiento de pago, de embargo, de desalojo, etc." This sounds close, although 'mandamiento judicial' has a highly specific meaning in Spanish civil law, again regarding property. However, "Requerimiento: Acto judicial por el que se intima a alguien para que haga o deje de hacer una cosa. | Es también el aviso, manifestación o pregunta que se hace, generalmente bajo fe notarial, a alguna persona, exigiendo o buscando de ella que exprese y declare su actitud o su respuesta. Ofrece, pues, gran importancia en el Derecho Procesal." Note that the second meaning of requerimiento is a specific one, referring essentially to subpoena powers (this usage also appears in broad use in the Spanish criminal code, for example) and could cause confusion depending on the context.
English: INS (Immigration and Naturalization Service)
Spanish: Servicio de Inmigración y Naturalización
Definition (English):—
Definition (Spanish):—
Comments:—
English: inspected, admitted, or paroled (you were not)
Spanish: no pasó por inspección, ni le dieron permiso ni permiso condicional de entrar
Definition (English):—
Definition (Spanish):—
Comments:—
English: inspection
Spanish: inspección, control
Definition (English):—
Definition (Spanish):—
Comments:—
English: Institutional Hearing Program
Spanish: Programa de Audiencias en Penitenciarias
Definition (English):—
Definition (Spanish):—
Comments:—
English: intending immigrant
Spanish: que pretende emigrar, inmigrar
Definition (English):—
Definition (Spanish):—
Comments:"Intending immigrant means any beneficiary of an immigrant visa petition filed under section 204 of the Act, including any alien who will accompany or follow-to-join the principal beneficiary." 8 CFR § 213a.1 - Definitions. This term can be used both to describe a beneficiary of an immigrant visa (makes sense), as well as the beneficiary of a nonimmigrant visa who, the Government believes, has the intention to immigrate (permanently) to the United States, despite not having the right visa to do so.
English: interactive scheduling
Spanish: programación interactiva
Definition (English):—
Definition (Spanish):—
Comments:—
English: interlocutory appeal
Spanish: recurso, apelación contra resoluciones interlocutorias
Definition (English):—
Definition (Spanish):—
Comments:Keep in mind the subtleties of 'recurso' and 'apelación'. A 'recurso de apelación' is, by definition, an appeal to a court of higher instance; 'apelación' on its own is an elliptical reference to the same concept, and 'recurso', being the broader category, can also include 'recurso de apelación' in an elliptical sense. However, 'recursos' can also include what we would call in English 'motions to reconsider'; if an 'interlocutory appeal' is being discussed, it is by definition to a court of higher instance; if it isn't to a court of higher instance, it is more properly a motion to reconsider. https://legislacion.vlex.es/vid/ley-enjuiciamiento-civil-126688 Also, consider Ossorio's entry for 'Auto interlocutorio': "El que no afecta a lo principal de una causa, por dictarse en un incidente o artículo de previo pronunciamiento. (v. AUTO DEFINITIVO)." This corresponds quite clearly to, in Black's, both interlocutory injunction, which reroutes to preliminary injunction: "A temporary injunction issued before or during trial to prevent an irreparable injury from occurring before the court has a chance to decide the case..."
English: issue a deportation order
Spanish: expedir/emitir una orden de deportación
Definition (English):—
Definition (Spanish):—
Comments:—
English: joint sponsor
Spanish: patrocinador conjunto, compatrono
Definition (English):—
Definition (Spanish):—
Comments:We see 'patrocinador conjunto' on USCIS' website; 'compatrono', generic term; 'copatrono' is a malformation.
English: judgement
Spanish: sentencia
Definition (English):—
Definition (Spanish):—
Comments:As per Staff Interpreter Miguel Valenzuela. See also 'Decisions and Appeals' reference for more.
English: judicial discretion
Spanish: discreción judicial
Definition (English):—
Definition (Spanish):—
Comments:—
English: judicial notice
Spanish: hecho notorio
Definition (English):—
Definition (Spanish):—
Comments:As per Jowers, p. 143, "reconocer judicialmente como hecho notorio no necesitado de prueba". Frequently collocated in English as take judicial notice, 'reconocer como hecho notorio'.
English: jurisdiction
Spanish: jurisdicción, competencia
Definition (English):—
Definition (Spanish):—
Comments:At a denotative level, 'jurisdiction' has a fairly one-to-one match with 'jurisdicción', and in most cases is a safe bet. That said, keep in mind that in Spanish, 'jurisdicción' may be defined as 'la facultad de resolver un litigio', and 'competencia' as 'los límites de esa facultad' (véase diccionariojuridico.org, 'competencia'). Thus, for example, if an IJ is explaining, "Your application is currently before USCIS, I don't have jurisdiction," or "Your case is still before a different Immigration Court, a COV hasn't been granted, I don't have jurisdiction," it would be appropriate in Spanish to say no soy la juez competente or no tengo competencia rather than no tengo jurisdicción, as jurisdicción refers in its most specific meaning to the ability of the Judge to apply the law to the facts of a case. The Judge retains that ability, simply is unable to exercise it due to questions of competencia. See also competent, venue.
English: K Fiancée/Fiancé Visa
Spanish: visa, visado de comprometido, de novio(a)
Definition (English):—
Definition (Spanish):—
English: lack of apparent relief
Spanish: falta, carece de amparo aparente
Definition (English):—
Definition (Spanish):—
Comments:—
English: lack of jurisdiction
Spanish: falta de jurisdicción, competencia; incompetente
Definition (English):—
Definition (Spanish):—
Comments:See 'jurisdiction'.
English: law enforcement
Spanish: (enforce or carry out the law) aplicar, cumplir con la ley; (ensure compliance with the law) hacer cumplir, cumplir con la ley; (police) la policía; (other law enforcement bodies in general) la autoridad, las autoridades; (the justice system) la justicia; (generic concept of legality and societal order) orden público
Definition (English):—
Definition (Spanish):—
Comments:Etymologically speaking, 'enforce' is Latin, or at least has Latin roots, but originated either in Middle Ages French or Renaissance English, and was being used in the sense of 'ensure compliance with a law' as of the mid-1600s. Thus, though intuition would say that there must be a common root somewhere, the meaning of 'fuerza' and 'forzar' are far separated from the English meaning in this context, being far more physical in their connotative usage. 'enforce' is also a transitive verb, a situation which is not easily mirrored, either, in Spanish. Further complicating the issue is the broad euphemistic or metonymical usage of 'law enforcement' in English. As a blanket term, it is used to refer to any sort of body or agency which uses legally sanctioned force to ensure compliance with the law. Given English's syntactic flexibility, this presents the translator or interpreter frequently with the struggle of having to construct a significantly different sentence or work-around in Spanish in order to adequately express the English. Keep in mind as well the almost-homonymical phrase 'in force', which corresponds to 'en vigor'.
English: Lawful Permanent Resident
Spanish: Residente Permanente Legal
Definition (English):—
Definition (Spanish):—
Comments:—
English: lawfully admitted
Spanish: admitido legalmente
Definition (English):—
Definition (Spanish):—
Comments:—
English: lay a proper foundation
Spanish: hacer una fundamentación adecuada, correcta
Definition (English):—
Definition (Spanish):—
Comments:This refers to the legal requirement to show, through evidence, how a witness knows the thing to which they are testifying.
English: leading case
Spanish: caso principal
Definition (English):—
Definition (Spanish):—
Comments:See 'rider' for more.
English: leading question
Spanish: pregunta sugestiva, pregunta que insinúa la respuesta
Definition (English):—
Definition (Spanish):—
Comments:pregunta sugestiva, as per Jowers
English: legal grounds
Spanish: fundamento legal
Definition (English):—
Definition (Spanish):—
Comments:—
English: legal status
Spanish: condición (migratoria) legal
Definition (English):—
Definition (Spanish):—
Comments:See 'adjustment of status', above, and 'nationality and status' reference for more.
English: LEP
Spanish: Dominio Limitado del inglés
Definition (English):—
Definition (Spanish):—
Comments:This seems to be widespread usage coming from various reputable sources, such as the Connecticut judiciary and www.ed.gov
English: LIFE
Spanish: La Ley de Equidad Familiar en Inmigración Legal y Endmiendas, 2000
Definition (English):—
Definition (Spanish):—
Comments:The Legal Immigration Family Equity Act and Amendments of 2000.
English: limitations on discretionary relief for failure to appear
Spanish: restricciones, limitaciones sobre el amparo discrecional debido a su incomparecencia
Definition (English):—
Definition (Spanish):—
Comments:—
English: list of free legal service providers
Spanish: lista de proveedores de servicios legales gratuitos
Definition (English):—
Definition (Spanish):—
Comments:Keep in mind the need to adjust register depending on the respondent; given that this is generally brought up in a functional context ("Have you been given the list of free legal service providers?") it may well be appropriate to simply ask "¿Le han dado la lista de abogados gratuitos?"
English: lodge a charge
Spanish: tramitar (filings-escritos, application-solicitud); entablar (acusación en lo penal); imputar (imputación de expulsabilidad)
Definition (English):—
Definition (Spanish):—
Comments:See also 'submit'.
English: —
Spanish: perder (la, su) condición migratoria
Definition (English):—
Definition (Spanish):—
Comments:See 'adjustment of status', above, and 'Nationality and Status' reference for more.
English: lose status
Spanish: —
Definition (English):—
Definition (Spanish):—
Comments:—
English: lottery (immigration lottery)
Spanish: Lotería de visados
Definition (English):—
Definition (Spanish):—
Comments:USCIS says 'Loteria': https://www.uscis.gov/es/tarjeta-verde/otras-maneras-de-obtenerla/loteria-de-diversidad/tarjeta-verde-a-traves-del-programa-de-visas-de-diversidad
English: —
Spanish: Residente Permanente Legal
Definition (English):—
Definition (Spanish):—
Comments:—
English: LPR
Spanish: —
Definition (English):—
Definition (Spanish):—
Comments:—
English: Machine Readable Passport (MRP)
Spanish: Pasaporte legible por máquina
Definition (English):—
Definition (Spanish):—
Comments:A machine readable passport is simply a travel document that has information in it that can be processed by a machine. It is not 'new' technology. https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Datos_legibles_por_m%C3%A1quina Note that this is different from a digitally accessible document, which may in fact not even exist physically -- or it may have a physical and a digital component, such as the passports with a chip in them. These, in Spanish, are more likely to be called 'pasaportes digitales' or 'pasaportes electrónicos' (http://www.fnmt.es/productos-y-servicios/tarjetas-electronicas/documentos-de-identificacion/pasaporte-electronico), and in English are called 'Biometric Passports' https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Machine-readable_passport. See also for technical details https://www.icao.int/publications/pages/publication.aspx?docnum=9303
English: Machine Readable Visa (MRV)
Spanish: Visado legible por máqina
Definition (English):—
Definition (Spanish):—
Comments:see machine-readable passport
English: maintenance of status and departure bond
Spanish: fianza/caución para mantener su condición, situación (migratoria) y salida
Definition (English):—
Definition (Spanish):—
Comments:See 'adjustment of status', above, and 'Nationality and Status' reference for more.
English: mandatory detention
Spanish: detención obligatoria
Definition (English):—
Definition (Spanish):—
Comments:—
English: marital status
Spanish: Estado civil
Definition (English):—
Definition (Spanish):—
Comments:—
English: marriage fraud
Spanish: matrimonio falso, matrimonio fraudulento
Definition (English):—
Definition (Spanish):—
Comments:There's an issue here, in that a 'sham marriage' is one entered into in order to commit 'marriage fraud': https://www.uscis.gov/news/news-releases/nearly-100-charged-massive-marriage-fraud-scheme See 'sham marriage' for more. This article, clearly on this topic, refers to 'falsedad documental': https://elpais.com/ccaa/2014/10/01/madrid/1412157933_106525.html?rel=mas See also the entry for Immigration Marriage Fraud Amendments of 1986.
English: master calendar hearing
Spanish: audiencia preliminar
Definition (English):—
Definition (Spanish):—
Comments:—
English: material facts
Spanish: hechos importantes, esenciales, pertinentes
Definition (English):—
Definition (Spanish):—
Comments:As per the Rama Judicial de Puerto Rico, hechos pertinentes (Reglas de Evidencia, 2009); there also seems to be a broad use of this collocation in Spanish, and in legal doctrine, at least from Spain. See a very illuminating example here: https://confilegal.com/20180811-cuales-son-preguntas-inutiles-sugestivas-capciosas-en-un-juicio/ Although Jowers (386) gives pregunta impertinente as irrelevant question. Keep in mind that material facts are those that go, as they say, to the heart of the issue.
English: material witness
Spanish: testigo directo, esencial
Definition (English):—
Definition (Spanish):—
Comments:See 'fact witness'.
English: matter of discretion
Spanish: cuestión / asunto discrecional, un asunto a discreción del juez
Definition (English):—
Definition (Spanish):—
Comments:—
English: means-tested public benefits
Spanish: examen de recursos económicos; prueba, comprobación de medios
Definition (English):—
Definition (Spanish):—
Comments:A 'means test' is an examination of economic/financial resources carried out in order to determine whether someone qualifies to receive government assistance, whether disbursement for a specific purpose or in general. As per 8 CFR § 213a.1 - Definitions, it is defined as: "Means-tested public benefit means either a Federal means-tested public benefit, which is any public benefit funded in whole or in part by funds provided by the Federal Government that the Federal agency administering the Federal funds has determined to be a Federal means-tested public benefit under the Personal Responsibility and Work Opportunity Reconciliation Act of 1996, Public Law 104-193, or a State means-tested public benefit, which is any public benefit for which no Federal funds are provided that a State, State agency, or political subdivision of a State has determined to be a means-tested public benefit. No benefit shall be considered to be a means-tested public benefit if it is a benefit described in sections 401(b), 411(b), 422(b) or 423(d) of Public Law 104-193." In itself, it is a term used in more 'meta' contexts--social science or policy documents, for example. This is borne out in Spanish as well as English, with most government websites describing public assistance talking about 'requisitos para percibir ayudas'. A fairly reliable source, a Guía práctica para responsabilidades de expedientes relativos al convenio de cobro de alimentos para los hijos de 2007 published by the Hague Conference on Private International Law, refers to this as "examen de recursos económicos". In a lack of an overwhelming consensus on the term, however, other options are not objectionable.
English: medical waiver
Spanish: exención médica
Definition (English):—
Definition (Spanish):—
Comments:—
English: meet the burden of proof
Spanish: cumplir con la carga de la prueba
Definition (English):—
Definition (Spanish):—
Comments:—
English: merits hearing
Spanish: audiencia sobre los méritos, el fondo de las solicitudes
Definition (English):—
Definition (Spanish):—
Comments:See 'individual hearing'.
English: migrant worker
Spanish: trabajador migratorio
Definition (English):—
Definition (Spanish):—
Comments:As per UN, Convención internacional sobre la protección de los derechos de todos los trabajadores migratorios y de sus familiares
English: moral character
Spanish: carácter moral
Definition (English):—
Definition (Spanish):—
Comments:It has been argued that 'carácter' more often corresponds, in English, to 'personality'. It may be that in common speech, this is the primary meaning of the word. However, the RAE very clearly includes other usages, and the one meant by the English here is perfectly acceptable. See also 'good moral character'.
English: moral turpitude
Spanish: vileza, bajeza moral
Definition (English):—
Definition (Spanish):—
Comments:—
English: motion for change of venue
Spanish: Petición, pedimento, moción para cambiar, cambio de fuero
Definition (English):—
Definition (Spanish):—
Comments:—
English: motion for continuance
Spanish: petición, pedimento para aplazar el caso
Definition (English):—
Definition (Spanish):—
Comments:—
English: motion for termination
Spanish: pedimento, petición de cerrar, archivar, sobreseer (un caso); extinguir (la condición de asilado, DACA, o TPS)
Definition (English):—
Definition (Spanish):—
Comments:A number of things can be 'terminated' in immigration proceedings: a case, asylee status, DACA, or TPS, for example. See also 'administrative closure'.
English: —
Spanish: Ley de Regularización Nicaragüense y de Amparo a Centroamerica
Definition (English):—
Definition (Spanish):—
Comments:The English name of this law, the Nicaraguan Adjustment and Central American Relief Act, is both obtuse and precise. One might ask, do non-Nicaraguan Central Americans get different relief from Nicaraguans? Indeed; under NACARA, elegible Nicaraguans and Cubans are provided a route to adjustment; other Central Americans and people from Soviet Bloc countries were provided exemptions to certain continuous physical presence requirements. USCIS' translation of the name of this law is the Ley de Ajuste Nicaragüense y Ayuda a Centroamerica. Ignoring for a moment the issues surrounding 'ajuste' (see Nationality and Status reference for more), this law does not provide ayuda, which would be relief provided after a national disaster, or a war; this refers to immigration relief, so amparo (see entry for amparo for more).
English: NACARA
Spanish: —
Definition (English):—
Definition (Spanish):—
Comments:—
English: national
Spanish: nacional (Mex), originario
Definition (English):—
Definition (Spanish):—
Comments:—
English: National Interest Waiver
Spanish: Exención por interés nacional
Definition (English):—
Definition (Spanish):—
Comments:Translation as per USCIS. A National Interest Waiver is one category under which an alien may apply for an EB-2 visa; in other words, for whatever reason, it is in the national interest of the United States that an alien with a specific skill set or employment ability be granted a waiver and therefore a visa.
English: National Visa Center (NVC)
Spanish: Centro Nacional de Visas, Visados
Definition (English):—
Definition (Spanish):—
Comments:—
English: nationality
Spanish: nacionalidad
Definition (English):—
Definition (Spanish):—
Comments:—
English: native
Spanish: nacional
Definition (English):—
Definition (Spanish):—
Comments:—
English: NATO (North Atlantic Treaty Organization) Official
Spanish: Agente, Oficial (depende del rango) del OTAN
Definition (English):—
Definition (Spanish):—
Comments:Véase officer/official.
English: naturalization
Spanish: Naturalización
Definition (English):—
Definition (Spanish):—
Comments:—
English: naturalization application
Spanish: Solicitud de naturalización
Definition (English):—
Definition (Spanish):—
Comments:—
English: naturalization ceremony
Spanish: ceremonía de naturalización
Definition (English):—
Definition (Spanish):—
Comments:—
English: naturalization certificate
Spanish: certificado de naturalización
Definition (English):—
Definition (Spanish):—
Comments:—
English: nexus
Spanish: nexo, conexión a
Definition (English):—
Definition (Spanish):—
Comments:—
English: non-immigrant
Spanish: no residente, no inmigrante
Definition (English):—
Definition (Spanish):—
Comments:A non-citizen who enters the United States temporarily for a specific period of time and purpose. This category includes foreign government officials, visitors for business and pleasure, students and temporary workers.
English: non-immigrant visitor
Spanish: visitante no residente, no inmigrante
Definition (English):—
Definition (Spanish):—
Comments:—
English: non-permanent residents
Spanish: residentes no permanentes
Definition (English):—
Definition (Spanish):—
Comments:—
English: non-responsive answer
Spanish: Respuesta no responsiva
Definition (English):—
Definition (Spanish):—
Comments:See 'objections' for more.
English: notario
Spanish: Notario
Definition (English):—
Definition (Spanish):—
Comments:This Spanish term does get used in English, specifically to refer to 'persons who are Notaries Public who misrepresent their qualifications to Spanish-speaking persons in the United States and fraudulently represent them or present forms in Immigration proceedings'. If absolutely necessary (for example, "Your Honor, it seems clear that this person was presenting himself as a notario"), you may need to add something: notario falso, fraudulento, or something of the type. After all, the misrepresentation is possible due to the fact that, in Spanish-speaking jursidictions, a notario frequently is someone who is either an attorney, or a civil servant, or both. The EOIR's official statement on the issue is here: https://www.justice.gov/eoir/nationalnotariosnotice072209spanish
English: notary public
Spanish: notario público, autenticador de firmas
Definition (English):—
Definition (Spanish):—
Comments:If possible, make some sort of differentiation when notaries public, specifically, are being referred to, given that they are fundamentally different from a notario.
English: notice of appeal
Spanish: aviso, notificación de apelación
Definition (English):—
Definition (Spanish):—
Comments:See 'appeal' for further discussion.
English: notice of asylum-only hearing
Spanish: aviso, notificación de una audiencia en un proceso exclusivamente, solamente de asilo
Definition (English):—
Definition (Spanish):—
Comments:This refers to the situation that arises wherein a respondent is legally only eligible for asylum (previously removed but has returned claiming asylum and alleging changed circumstances, etc); hence, asylum-only.
English: notice of consequences for failure to appear
Spanish: aviso/notificación de consecuencias por falta de comparecencia
Definition (English):—
Definition (Spanish):—
Comments:—
English: notice of consequences for failure to depart
Spanish: aviso/notificación de consecuencias por no cumplir con la orden de salida
Definition (English):—
Definition (Spanish):—
Comments:—
English: notice of consequences for failure to surrender to the Immigration and Naturalization Service for removal from the United States
Spanish: aviso/notificación de consecuencias por no entregarse al Servicio de Inmigración y Naturalización para su expulsión de los Estados Unidos
Definition (English):—
Definition (Spanish):—
Comments:—
English: notice of consequences for knowingly filing a frivolous asylum application
Spanish: aviso/notificación de consecuencias por presentar a sabiendas una solicitud de asilo que contiene falsedades
Definition (English):—
Definition (Spanish):—
Comments:—
English: notice of deportation hearing
Spanish: aviso/notificación de audiencia de deportación
Definition (English):—
Definition (Spanish):—
Comments:—
English: notice of entry of appearance as attorney
Spanish: aviso/notificación de comparecencia, representación como abogado
Definition (English):—
Definition (Spanish):—
Comments:—
English: notice of hearing
Spanish: aviso/notificación de una audiencia
Definition (English):—
Definition (Spanish):—
Comments:—
English: notice of intent to issue a final administrative deportation order (form I-851)
Spanish: aviso/notificación de intención de emitir una orden administrativa de deportación final
Definition (English):—
Definition (Spanish):—
Comments:—
English: notice of intent to rescind
Spanish: aviso/notificación de rescindir
Definition (English):—
Definition (Spanish):—
Comments:—
English: notice of intention to rescind and request for hearing by alien
Spanish: aviso/notificación por parte del extranjero de rescindir y pedir una audiencia
Definition (English):—
Definition (Spanish):—
Comments:—
English: notice of privilege of counsel
Spanish: aviso/notificación sobre el privilegio de tener abogado
Definition (English):—
Definition (Spanish):—
Comments:—
English: notice of referral
Spanish: aviso/notificación de remisión
Definition (English):—
Definition (Spanish):—
Comments:—
English: notice of referral to immigration judge
Spanish: aviso/notificación de remisión a un juez de inmigración
Definition (English):—
Definition (Spanish):—
Comments:—
English: notice of removal hearing
Spanish: aviso/notificación de expulsión
Definition (English):—
Definition (Spanish):—
Comments:—
English: notice of review of claimed status
Spanish: revisión de la condición reclamada, alegada, pretendida
Definition (English):—
Definition (Spanish):—
Comments:See 'claimed status review' for more discussion.
English: notice to alien detained for exclusion hearing (Form I-122
Spanish: aviso/notificación a un extranjero detenido para su audiencia de expulsión (Formulario tipo I-122)
Definition (English):—
Definition (Spanish):—
Comments:—
English: Notice to Appear (NTA)
Spanish: aviso/notificación de comparecencia
Definition (English):—
Definition (Spanish):—
Comments:—
English: notice to appear for removal proceedings
Spanish: aviso/notificación de comparecencia para el proceso de expulsión
Definition (English):—
Definition (Spanish):—
Comments:—
English: oath of citizenship
Spanish: juramento de ciudadania
Definition (English):—
Definition (Spanish):—
Comments:—
English: occupation
Spanish: (job) empleo, trabajo; (career, field) ocupación, profesión
Definition (English):—
Definition (Spanish):—
Comments:—
English: off the record
Spanish: fuera del acta/fuera de actas
Definition (English):—
Definition (Spanish):—
Comments:—
English: offense (criminal)
Spanish: (minor misdemeanor/ticket) infracción, multa; (misdemeanor) falta, delito menor, delito leve; (felony) delito, delito mayor; ("delito de sangre"--rape, murder, etc) crimen; (generic term) acto ilícito
Definition (English):—
Definition (Spanish):—
Comments:—
English: Office of Refugee Resettlement
Spanish: Oficina de Reasentamiento de Refugiados
Definition (English):—
Definition (Spanish):—
Comments:As per the agency itself. https://www.acf.hhs.gov/directorio-oficina-de-reasentamiento-de-refugiados
English: Office of the Chief Immigration Judge (OCIJ)
Spanish: Oficina del Juez Principal de Inmigración
Definition (English):—
Definition (Spanish):—
Comments:—
English: officer/official
Spanish: Funcionario (civil servant); Oficial (ranking military); agente (law enforcement)
Definition (English):—
Definition (Spanish):—
Comments:—
English: one year rule
Spanish: plazo de un año
Definition (English):—
Definition (Spanish):—
Comments:—
English: opening argument
Spanish: alegato/declaración de apertura
Definition (English):—
Definition (Spanish):—
Comments:—
English: Operating Policies and Procedures Memorandum
Spanish: Memorandum de políticas y procesos vigentes
Definition (English):—
Definition (Spanish):—
Comments:—
English: order to show cause
Spanish: Orden de presentar motivos justificantes y aviso de audiencia
Definition (English):—
Definition (Spanish):—
Comments:In the immigration context, the OSC is an old form of what we know today as an 'NTA'; in particular, it is the I-221, for deportation. That form (conveniently bilingual) was titled, in Spanish, Orden de presentar motivos justificantes y aviso de audiencia.
English: original document
Spanish: documento original
Definition (English):—
Definition (Spanish):—
Comments:—
English: orphan
Spanish: huérfano
Definition (English):—
Definition (Spanish):—
Comments:—
English: out of status
Spanish: Irregular
Definition (English):—
Definition (Spanish):—
Comments:See undocumented. "lapsed status", essentially. https://www.gob.mx/tramites/identidad
English: overruled objection
Spanish: objección sin lugar, a la que no ha lugar
Definition (English):—
Definition (Spanish):—
Comments:—
English: overstay
Spanish: sobrepasar la estancia
Definition (English):—
Definition (Spanish):—
English: overturn
Spanish: anular, revocar
Definition (English):—
Definition (Spanish):—
Comments:See 'Decisions and Appeals' reference for more.
English: own recognizance
Spanish: bajo palabra
Definition (English):—
Definition (Spanish):—
Comments:—
English: panel physician
Spanish: médico autorizado por el panel
Definition (English):—
Definition (Spanish):—
Comments:As per the Department of State: https://travel.state.gov/content/travel/en/us-visas/inmigracion/visa-de-no-inmigrante-para-prometido-a--k-1-.html#7 Note that, here in the United States, the person who performs this exam would be denominated a 'civil surgeon'. Outside the United States, various embassies and consulates select a 'panel' of physicians that are authorized to do the exams. Hence
English: parole (advanced)
Spanish: admisión condicional anticipada
Definition (English):—
Definition (Spanish):—
Comments:—
English: parole (immigration)
Spanish: admisión condicional
Definition (English):—
Definition (Spanish):—
Comments:—
English: parolee
Spanish: persona admitida condicionalmente
Definition (English):—
Definition (Spanish):—
Comments:—
English: particular social group
Spanish: determinado grupo social
Definition (English):—
Definition (Spanish):—
Comments:Véase el manual del ACNUR, también la European Asylum Support Office y sus recursos tremendos.
English: particularly serious crime
Spanish: un delito sumamente/particularmente grave, serio
Definition (English):—
Definition (Spanish):—
Comments:As per 8 U.S.C. § 1231(b)(3)(B).
English: pattern and practice of persecution of similarly-situated individuals
Spanish: patrón y práctica de persecución de personas en situaciones parecidas
Definition (English):—
Definition (Spanish):—
Comments:—
English: PD (Prosecutorial Discretion)
Spanish: (criminal) a discreción fiscal; la discreción de no proseguir
Definition (English):—
Definition (Spanish):—
Comments:The normal expression used by interpreters here in the US is something like 'a discreción fiscal' or 'a discreción del fiscal'; Spanish terms these abilities broadly as 'facultad(es) discrecional(es)' (Ossorio), or even 'discrecionalidad' (Principios de obligatoriedad y discrecionalidad en el ejercicio de la acción penal, Manuel Rodriguez Vega); usage of 'poder discrecional' appears often in translated texts. In all of these cases, the discretionality in question is that of the criminal prosecutor. As discussed elsewhere in the present resource (see Trial Attorney), DHS attorneys should not be considered an exact corollary of a criminal prosecutor. Therefore, to avoid referring, even elliptically, to DHS as a 'fiscal', other options are recommended.
English: penalty
Spanish: pena; castigo; penalidad
Definition (English):—
Definition (Spanish):—
Comments:The term 'pena' is a sufficiently generic that it is an appropriate go-to equivalent. However, there are many types of penalties, and other options, such as 'pena de multa' or just 'multa' may be appropriate as well.
English: pending application
Spanish: solicitud pendiente
Definition (English):—
Definition (Spanish):—
Comments:—
English: permanent resident
Spanish: residente permanente
Definition (English):—
Definition (Spanish):—
Comments:See also Legal Permanent Resident (LPR).
English: permanent resident alien
Spanish: extranjero residente permanente
Definition (English):—
Definition (Spanish):—
Comments:See also Legal Permanent Resident (LPR).
English: personal vendetta
Spanish: vendetta personal
Definition (English):—
Definition (Spanish):—
Comments:—
English: petitioner
Spanish: solicitante
Definition (English):—
Definition (Spanish):—
Comments:—
English: photocopy
Spanish: fotocopia, copia
Definition (English):—
Definition (Spanish):—
Comments:—
English: physical abuse
Spanish: abuso, maltrato físico
Definition (English):—
Definition (Spanish):—
Comments:—
English: physical presence
Spanish: presencia física
Definition (English):—
Definition (Spanish):—
Comments:One of the main criteria for 42-B relief, having been 'physically present' in the United States for 10 years prior to the issuance of the NTA.
English: plaintiff (civil, criminal)
Spanish: demandante
Definition (English):—
Definition (Spanish):—
Comments:—
English: plausible in light of country conditions
Spanish: verosímil, en vista de las condiciones en el país
Definition (English):—
Definition (Spanish):—
Comments:This is a difficult phrase. 'plausible' does exist in Spanish, though the RAE's definition indicates it's not a comfortable cognate: "1. adj. Digno o merecedor de aplauso. 2. adj. Atendible, admisible, recomendable. Hubo para ello motivos plausibles." 'posible', in the meantime, while an intuitive leap, would probably consitute an ethically dubious change of meaning in most circumstances. The European Asylum Support Office, in its training materials, uses the term 'verosímil'; while not the most everyday word, it seems an adequate equivalent, and is in use by practitioners in this field. See Guía Práctica de la EASO: Valoración de las Pruebas, p. 12.
English: pleadings (to an NTA)
Spanish: contestaciones (a un aviso de comparecencia)
Definition (English):—
Definition (Spanish):—
Comments:—
English: police clearance letter
Spanish: carta de no antecedentes policiales, penales
Definition (English):—
Definition (Spanish):—
Comments:https://consulmex.sre.gob.mx/houston/index.php/regcivilpoderes/contanciaantecedentespenales; https://www.tramitescoahuila.gob.mx/tr%C3%A1mites-de-aytos.-municipales/ayto.-municipal-de-torre%C3%B3n/carta-de-no-antecedentes-policiales.html
English: police record
Spanish: antecedentes policiacos, penales
Definition (English):—
Definition (Spanish):—
Comments:See 'police clearance letter'
English: political asylum
Spanish: asilo político
Definition (English):—
Definition (Spanish):—
Comments:—
English: political beliefs
Spanish: creencias políticas
Definition (English):—
Definition (Spanish):—
Comments:—
English: political crimes
Spanish: delitos políticos
Definition (English):—
Definition (Spanish):—
Comments:—
English: polygamy
Spanish: poligamia
Definition (English):—
Definition (Spanish):—
Comments:—
English: port of arrival
Spanish: puerto de llegada
Definition (English):—
Definition (Spanish):—
Comments:—
English: port of entry
Spanish: puerto de entrada
Definition (English):—
Definition (Spanish):—
Comments:—
English: post bail
Spanish: pagar/depositar fianza
Definition (English):—
Definition (Spanish):—
English: postponement
Spanish: aplazamiento, postergación
Definition (English):—
Definition (Spanish):—
Comments:—
English: Poverty Guidelines
Spanish: línea de pobreza
Definition (English):—
Definition (Spanish):—
Comments:See 'Federal Poverty Guidelines'.
English: power of attorney
Spanish: poder, poder notarial
Definition (English):—
Definition (Spanish):—
Comments:—
English: practitioner
Spanish: profesional (de derecho)
Definition (English):—
Definition (Spanish):—
Comments:Se practica medicina, pero practicar derecho es lo que uno hace para aprender y prepararse.
English: precedent decision
Spanish: decisión de precedente
Definition (English):—
Definition (Spanish):—
Comments:While the concept is not native to civil/Roman-law jurisdictions, it is a concept from common/Anglo-Saxon law that is beginning to be known. See Precedente Judicial, by Victoria Iturralde.
English: preclude/precluded
Spanish: denegar, denegación anticipada
Definition (English):—
Definition (Spanish):—
Comments:The expression 'to preclude' is a concept that is often used in criminal or civil procedure, wherein a particular legal action or line of questioning cannot move forward, for example because it has previously been litigated and therefore cannot be re-litigated. However, it doesn't have a specific meaning in the Immigration context; if you hear it, it is likely referring to the concept of 'pre-termit'. See 'pre-termit'.
English: pre-conclusion voluntary departure
Spanish: salida voluntaria previa a, antes de la resolución del caso
Definition (English):—
Definition (Spanish):—
Comments:—
English: prejudice (withdraw application with/without)
Spanish: definitivamente/no definitivamente; firme/no firme; con fuerza de cosa juzgada/sin fuerza de cosa juzgada
Definition (English):—
Definition (Spanish):—
Comments:Prejudice is one of those terms that legal intepreters and translators love to fight over. This is the situation: In English, we have these two terms, 'with' and 'without prejudice', and they mean, essentially, that (in general) the same charges or case could, or could not, be filed again. Interestingly, this meaning of prejudice, while used in Black's, is not defined. This is related to the concept of res judicata, also known as cosa juzgada, which Black's gives as "1. An issue that has been definitively settled by judicial decision. 2. An affirmative defense barring the same parties from litigating a second lawsuit on the same claim, or any other claim arising from the same transaction or series of transactions and that could have been--but was not--raised in the first suit." That second definition is the meaning given by Black's for prejudice. So while the concepts are almost identical, their usage is not. In addition, there is, in Spanish, the concept of firme, defined by the DEJ of the RAE as, "Adm. y Proc. Dicho de un acto o resolución administrativa o judicial: Invariable, por no haber sido impugnado o no admitir recurso." Frequently, this is used to express whether a sentence is firme o no. In a way, this is a good thing for us translators and interpreters--it gives us power to decide how we want to express the concept. The flip side to this is that we need to understand the different concepts and deploy them properly. This particular usage--'the application has been withdrawn with prejudice'--could, for example, be rendered as se ha retirado la solicitud definitivamente, or perhaps se ha retirado la solicitud de manera firme, but definitely not se ha retirado la solicitud con fuerza de cosa juzgada, because after all, a decision has not been made about the application. If it were regarding a criminal case, or even an individual hearing on an application for relief, our options are different. For additional consideration, see entries on 'sobreseimiento' and 'desestimación' in the 'Decisions and Appeals' reference.
English: preponderance of the evidence
Spanish: preponderancia de las pruebas
Definition (English):—
Definition (Spanish):—
Comments:—
English: pre-termit (an application)
Spanish: denegar, denegación anticipada
Definition (English):—
Definition (Spanish):—
Comments:To 'pre-termit', usually 'an application', in immigration proceedings, refers to the denial of an application without a hearing on its merits due to the respondent being ineligible for the relief sought.
English: prevail ('if we don't prevail')
Spanish: prosperar
Definition (English):—
Definition (Spanish):—
Comments:—
English: prima facie eligibility
Spanish: cumplir con, reunir los requisitos a primera vista
Definition (English):—
Definition (Spanish):—
Comments:Note that prima facie eligibility, for example in 42-B cancellation, refers to some basic facts: one does not have disqualifying convictions, one has (allegedly) been in the country for 10 years, and one has (allegedly) a qualifying USC relative. The rest of the factors, including hardship, etc., have to be shown. 'tener derecho a' goes much farther than what is intended by 'eligibility' in this context; the more tentative 'reunir los requisitos' is more appropriate.
English: principal alien
Spanish: extranjero principal
Definition (English):—
Definition (Spanish):—
Comments:—
English: principal applicant
Spanish: solicitante principal
Definition (English):—
Definition (Spanish):—
Comments:—
English: priority date
Spanish: fecha de prioridad
Definition (English):—
Definition (Spanish):—
Comments:—
English: priors, rap sheet, criminal record
Spanish: antecedentes penales, historial penal
Definition (English):—
Definition (Spanish):—
Comments:—
English: proffer
Spanish: resumir; resumen
Definition (English):—
Definition (Spanish):—
Comments:The term 'proffer', in most legal environments, would be equivalent to 'present' or 'file' or, sometimes, 'argue'; it's the offering of an argument or a piece of evidence in court. However, in Immigration Court, it can have a specific meaning: to orally summarize, or agree to summarize, the main points of what a witness would testify to in place of a written affidavit, so as to avoid having to put the witness on the stand and have them testify. This is often done with minor children, or experts when testimony has gone on too long and there's not enough time left.
English: pro se
Spanish: en representación propia, abogar por si mismo/a, auto-representación, representarse a sí mismo
Definition (English):—
Definition (Spanish):—
Comments:There are many latinisms in English legal language, this being one of the most prominent. You will often hear translators and interpreters say that you can simply leave a Latin phrase as-is when interpreting or translating, especially as any Spanish-speaking attorney worth their salt would probably be familiar with the Latin phrase. 'Pro se', itself, almost sounds like something that has meaning in Spanish, and it is broadly used throughout the United States in translated materials provided by law firms, courts, and other agencies. As a result, some speakers may be familiar with the term. That said, the author has yet to find a native Spanish-language source which uses the phrase 'pro se' to describe the situation of a litigant appearing before a court without a lawyer. Most often, sources describe this as 'en representación propia' (for examples of this, at least in Spain, google 'proceso monitorio', equivalent to a default debt collection proceeding). Keep in mind that IJs often use several phrases in a row to describe pro se representation, so it's good to have several formulations handy.
English: probation
Spanish: libertad condicional
Definition (English):—
Definition (Spanish):—
Comments:—
English: procedural code, legal code
Spanish: código procesal, legal
Definition (English):—
Definition (Spanish):—
Comments:—
English: procedure
Spanish: procedimiento
Definition (English):—
Definition (Spanish):—
Comments:—
English: proceeding
Spanish: diligencia, audiencia
Definition (English):—
Definition (Spanish):—
Comments:—
English: proceedings
Spanish: (overall process) proceso; (a few hearings) diligencias
Definition (English):—
Definition (Spanish):—
Comments:—
English: process
Spanish: proceso
Definition (English):—
Definition (Spanish):—
Comments:—
English: proffer
Spanish: resumir, resumen
Definition (English):—
Definition (Spanish):—
Comments:The word 'proffer' has a generic legal meaning of "To offer or tender (something , esp. evidence) for immediate acceptance." (Black's, p. 1329) In the EOIR context, however, it has a specific usage, which could be summarized as 'to offer a summary of the facts to which a witness would testify without the witness having to testify'. This is seen frequently with witnesses who are children, or witnesses whose testimony might be repetitive--or sometimes when there's an attempt to save time. See also 'stipulate'.
English: proof of departure
Spanish: prueba, comprobante de salida
Definition (English):—
Definition (Spanish):—
Comments:—
English: proof of service
Spanish: constancia, comprobante de entrega, traslado
Definition (English):—
Definition (Spanish):—
Comments:—
English: prosecution
Spanish: encausamiento, enjuiciamiento, procesamiento
Definition (English):—
Definition (Spanish):—
Comments:—
English: prosecutorial discretion
Spanish: a discreción del/la fiscal, la fiscalía
Definition (English):—
Definition (Spanish):—
Comments:—
English: prospective employment
Spanish: posible empleo, trabajo
Definition (English):—
Definition (Spanish):—
Comments:—
English: proxy marriage
Spanish: casamiento, matrimonio por poder
Definition (English):—
Definition (Spanish):—
Comments:—
English: public assistance, benefits
Spanish: asistencia pública (MX), ayuda pública, subvención (ES)
Definition (English):—
Definition (Spanish):—
Comments:Public assistance, synonymous with 'public benefits', or often just 'benefits' in the United States, is a broad category. It refers to everything from emergency cash for heating or electricity bills, to foodstamps, state-subsidized healthcare, and more. See 'social services' reference for more.
English: Public Charge, public burden
Spanish: (US Immigration rules) Carga Pública; carga al público, carga para la asistencia social
Definition (English):—
Definition (Spanish):—
Comments:The United States has long had a history (since the 19th century) of rules in immigration designed to eliminate or discourage the entry of immigrants who could become a burden to society, that is, a public charge. 'burden' is translated as 'carga' (onus probandi should be left in Latin), and charge, here, is a bit of an antiquated usage that refers to what is more commonly called being a ward, commonly heard in Juvenile or Family law contexts in the phrase ward of the state, which could be rendered as pupilo del Estado. Using 'pupilo' for 'public charge' would be an over-translation, choosing a term that is more specific than what is meant: carga is an appropriate equivalent for both burden and charge. There is extensive usage of 'carga pública' to refer to these US rules, from USCIS to immigration advocacy groups to press coverage in Mexico and Spain. ( https://www.uscis.gov/es/tarjeta-verde/carga-publica )This concept of immigrants being a burden exists in Spain; searches on the topic in Mexico revealed programs designed to support migrants, rather than exclude them. Spain's phrasing is, "...para no convertirse en una carga para la asistencia social en España durante su periodo de residencia..." (emphasis added). http://extranjeros.mitramiss.gob.es/es/InformacionInteres/InformacionProcedimientos/CiudadanosComunitarios/hoja102/index.html#aplicacion
English: public record
Spanish: documento público, de conocimiento público
Definition (English):—
Definition (Spanish):—
Comments:—
English: pursuant to section...
Spanish: conforme, según, a tenor del artículo…
Definition (English):—
Definition (Spanish):—
Comments:—
English: qualify, to
Spanish: reunir, cumplir los requisitos
Definition (English):—
Definition (Spanish):—
Comments:—
English: qualified representative
Spanish: representante cualificado
Definition (English):—
Definition (Spanish):—
Comments:See 'Accredited Representative'. Qualified -- works with those who are not competent. Accredited -- not necessarily an attorney, can be prime.
English: qualifying relative
Spanish: familiar que reúne los requisitos
Definition (English):—
Definition (Spanish):—
Comments:Generally in 42-B or 485 relief.
English: quota system
Spanish: sistema de cuotas
Definition (English):—
Definition (Spanish):—
Comments:—
English: re-entry permit
Spanish: permiso de reingreso, de volver a entrar
Definition (English):—
Definition (Spanish):—
Comments:While 're-entrar' may be intuitive, it doesn't appear to be widely used by reputable sources; 'reingresar' is, however, in the RAE.
English: reason to believe
Spanish: razón, motivo para creer
Definition (English):—
Definition (Spanish):—
Comments:While this sounds conceptually similar to probable cause, it is not a synonym nor is it a formal legal standard. See 'Grounds and Standards of Proof' reference for more.
English: reasonable grounds
Spanish: indicios razonables, motivos razonablemente fundados (CO)
Definition (English):—
Definition (Spanish):—
Comments:check this
English: reasonable person standard
Spanish: estándar de la persona razonable
Definition (English):—
Definition (Spanish):—
Comments:The 'reasonable person standard' is a legal criteria that is applied both in criminal and in civil law. It is a legal fiction,and essentially consists of an idealized version of how a reasonable person would act under given circumstances. As a legal standard, it does not exist in Civil/Roman/Hispanic law, and therefore, a literal translation of the Common-Law/Anglo law is appropriate. See Juan Pablo Pérez-León Acevedo, The inconvenience of the reasonable person standard in criminal law, Derecho PUCP, Revista de la Facultad de Derecho, No. 73, 2014, pp. 505-509
English: rebuttal evidence
Spanish: contraprueba
Definition (English):—
Definition (Spanish):—
Comments:Jowers, p. 381
English: rebuttable presumption
Spanish: presunción refutable
Definition (English):—
Definition (Spanish):—
Comments:—
English: receipt notice
Spanish: acuse de recibo
Definition (English):—
Definition (Spanish):—
Comments:—
English: recess (legal)
Spanish: descanso
Definition (English):—
Definition (Spanish):—
Comments:According to the DPEJ, 'receso' refers to temporarily closing an administration or university or some larger organization. 'suspenso' is generally longer-term, an equivalent to English 'deferral' or 'abeyance'. 'recreo' is, of course, the term used for recess in an elementary or even secondary school context. 'descanso' is suggested in the absence of further source evidence, as well as elliptical constructions using 'levantar la sesión'.
English: record (i.e., official court record)
Spanish: acta
Definition (English):—
Definition (Spanish):—
Comments:—
English: record checks
Spanish: verificación de antecedentes
Definition (English):—
Definition (Spanish):—
Comments:—
English: record of conviction
Spanish: antecedentes de condenas previas
Definition (English):—
Definition (Spanish):—
Comments:—
English: record of negative credible fear finding and request for review by immigration judge (I- 869)
Spanish: acta de fallo negativo sobre el temor creíble y petición para su revisión por un Juez de Inmigración
Definition (English):—
Definition (Spanish):—
Comments:—
English: record of proceeding (ROP), record of proceedings
Spanish: acta del procedimiento, expediente
Definition (English):—
Definition (Spanish):—
Comments:—
English: record of sworn statement (in administrative proceedings)
Spanish: constancia/acta de declaración jurada (en un proceso administrativo)
Definition (English):—
Definition (Spanish):—
Comments:This is the name of the I-877, which is a CBP/USCIS/DHS form used in admitting Cubans to the United States.
English: records check
Spanish: verificación/búsqueda/registro de antecedentes (penales)
Definition (English):—
Definition (Spanish):—
Comments:—
English: recross (examination)
Spanish: segundo contrainterrogatorio
Definition (English):—
Definition (Spanish):—
Comments:—
English: redirect (examination)
Spanish: segundo interrogatorio directo
Definition (English):—
Definition (Spanish):—
Comments:—
English: reentry permit
Spanish: permiso para volver a entrar al país
Definition (English):—
Definition (Spanish):—
Comments:Be careful with what words you put 're' on the front of. Many of them may sound like words in Spanish but would be, in fact, a kind of Spanglish.
English: referral assessment
Spanish: evaluación del remitente
Definition (English):—
Definition (Spanish):—
Comments:This is an assessment (evaluación), made generally by USCIS, of an asylum claim, that the IJ receives when the case is referred (remitido) to the EOIR from USCIS, generally after a denial by USCIS.
English: refugee
Spanish: refugiado
Definition (English):—
Definition (Spanish):—
Comments:—
English: refugee claim
Spanish: (application) solicitud; (request for refugee status) petición para la concesión, otorgamiento de condición, estatuto de refugiado; (the story, arguments, and information presented in the application and evidence) pretensión, pretensiones, reclamar, reclamación
Definition (English):—
Definition (Spanish):—
Comments:Generally we do not deal with 'refugee status' per se in Immigration Court; it does, however, get bundled in with 589-related relief. See 'asylum claim' and 'claim'.
English: refugee status
Spanish: condición, (EU) estatuto de refugiado
Definition (English):—
Definition (Spanish):—
Comments:See 'adjustment of status', above, and 'Nationality and Status' reference for more.
English: registry
Spanish: registro
Definition (English):—
Definition (Spanish):—
Comments:As per USCIS: "Registry is a section of immigration law that enables certain individuals who have been present in the United States since Jan. 1, 1972, the ability to apply for a Green Card (permanent residence), even if they are currently in the United States unlawfully."
English: registry date
Spanish: fecha de registro
Definition (English):—
Definition (Spanish):—
Comments:—
English: registry relief
Spanish: amparo por registro
Definition (English):—
Definition (Spanish):—
Comments:—
English: release on bond
Spanish: libertad bajo fianza
Definition (English):—
Definition (Spanish):—
Comments:—
English: reliable evidence
Spanish: pruebas fidedignas
Definition (English):—
Definition (Spanish):—
Comments:—
English: relief
Spanish: amparo (migratorio)
Definition (English):—
Definition (Spanish):—
Comments:Amparo is a generic noun whose meaning is what we are looking for. However, it should never be termed a 'recurso de amparo', which is a separate, highly specific, type of trial or process which is carried out (more or less, an appeal to the Supreme Court based on constitutional or human rights grounds). A 'beneficio' can be applicable, depending on the context; a 'recurso' is strictly speaking an appeal or petition-like action. 'remedio', legally speaking, is a synonym of 'recurso'.
English: relief from deportation
Spanish: amparo contra la deportación
Definition (English):—
Definition (Spanish):—
Comments:—
English: relief from removal
Spanish: amparo contra la expulsión
Definition (English):—
Definition (Spanish):—
Comments:—
English: religious worker
Spanish: trabajador religioso
Definition (English):—
Definition (Spanish):—
Comments:Both USCIS and the Ministerio de Exteriores of Spain use the term 'religioso' for this.
English: relocation
Spanish: reubicación; (internal relocation) reubicación dentro del país
Definition (English):—
Definition (Spanish):—
Comments:See ACNUR manual, p. 114. Also frequently seen in Spanish is the issue of "desplazamiento interno", or "internally displaced persons".
English: remand
Spanish: retrotraer (sending a case back down to a court of lesser instance); remitir (rendition of a person or case to an authority)
Definition (English):—
Definition (Spanish):—
Comments:For more information on this term, see 'Decisions and Appeals' reference
English: remittance
Spanish: remesa
Definition (English):—
Definition (Spanish):—
Comments:—
English: removable alien
Spanish: extranjero sujeto a, objeto de, la expulsión, expulsable
Definition (English):—
Definition (Spanish):—
Comments:Anuario de la Comisión de Derecho Internacional 2009, Vol.I, p. 63;
English: removal
Spanish: expulsión
Definition (English):—
Definition (Spanish):—
Comments:—
English: removal hearing
Spanish: audiencia/vista de expulsión
Definition (English):—
Definition (Spanish):—
Comments:—
English: removal proceeding
Spanish: proceso/diligencia de expulsión
Definition (English):—
Definition (Spanish):—
Comments:—
English: remove at government expense
Spanish: expulsar a costo/expensas del gobierno
Definition (English):—
Definition (Spanish):—
Comments:—
English: render a decision
Spanish: pronunciar/emitir un fallo
Definition (English):—
Definition (Spanish):—
Comments:—
English: reopen a case
Spanish: reactivar, reabrir, volver a abrir, entablar un caso
Definition (English):—
Definition (Spanish):—
Comments:Please note that 'reopening' refers to the same case that previously was closed (for whatever reason, administrative closure or the respondent obtaining status) being reopened against the respondent. Contrast this with 'repapering'.
English: repapering
Spanish: volver a entablar, formular, emitir, presentar imputaciones
Definition (English):—
Definition (Spanish):—
Comments:Please note that 'repapering' refers to the issuing of new charges against a respondent via a new NTA, perhaps on new grounds or under a different section of the INA. Contrast with 'reopen'.
English: represented by counsel
Spanish: representado por un licenciado, abogado, letrado;
Definition (English):—
Definition (Spanish):—
Comments:—
English: required departure
Spanish: salida obligatoria
Definition (English):—
Definition (Spanish):—
Comments:—
English: rescission case
Spanish: (caso de) anulación, rescisión de la ciudadanía
Definition (English):—
Definition (Spanish):—
Comments:This refers to the rescission of naturalization. Google shows mainly results regarding the US, but under 'anulación' there are discussions of similar issues in, for example, Colombia.
English: reserve a decision, reserved decision
Spanish: decisión, fallo en suspenso, reservado; reservar, mantener en suspenso a una decisión, fallo
Definition (English):—
Definition (Spanish):—
Comments:Clarify what reserving a decision is
English: resettlement
Spanish: reasentamiento, reubicación
Definition (English):—
Definition (Spanish):—
Comments:Look for Spanish-language sources on this…
English: resident alien
Spanish: extranjero residente
Definition (English):—
Definition (Spanish):—
Comments:As per USCIS: "Applies to non-U.S. citizens currently residing in the United States. The term is applied in three different manners; please see Permanent Resident, Conditional Resident, and Returning Resident"
English: resident alien card
Spanish: tarjeta de extranjero residente
Definition (English):—
Definition (Spanish):—
Comments:see 'resident alien'
English: respondent
Spanish: compareciente
Definition (English):—
Definition (Spanish):—
Comments:—
English: rest, to
Spanish: dejar de practicar la prueba
Definition (English):—
Definition (Spanish):—
Comments:Should this be combined with special immigrant, or should a distinction be made?
English: returning resident
Spanish: (visado de) residente que retorna, vuelve
Definition (English):—
Definition (Spanish):—
Comments:The DoS (issuer of these visas, known as SB-1) translates this variously as "Residentes de Regreso" (US Embassy, Guatemala City), "residentes que retornan" and "residentes en retorno" (travel.state.gov). While the calquey nature of this translation might be uncomfortable, consider the standard "retorno voluntario" used in EU space.
English: revalidation of a visa
Spanish: renovación de (el) visado
Definition (English):—
Definition (Spanish):—
Comments:—
English: revocation of a visa
Spanish: cancelación (MX), anulación (SP), revocación (USCIS)
Definition (English):—
Definition (Spanish):—
Comments:Mexico: SRE's series of advisory posters, "Cancelación Visas 2019"; Spain: http://www.exteriores.gob.es/Consulados/MEXICO/es/InformacionParaExtranjeros/Paginas/Preguntas-Fr.aspx; USCIS: https://www.uscis.gov/es/forms/solicitudes-de-visas-inmigrante-devueltas-por-las-oficinas-consulares-del-departamento-de-estado
English: RFE
Spanish: solicitudes de evidencia
Definition (English):—
Definition (Spanish):—
Comments:Request for Evidence. USCIS calls them Solicitudes de Evidencia. https://www.uscis.gov/es/noticias/alertas/uscis-anuncia-flexibilidad-para-las-solicitudes-de-evidencia-notificacion-de-intencion-de-denegacion
English: RFR
Spanish: petición/pedimento de revisión; Reasonable Fear Review proceedings
Definition (English):—
Definition (Spanish):—
Comments:—
English: rider (respondent)
Spanish: (compareciente) secundario, adicional
Definition (English):—
Definition (Spanish):—
Comments:This is a difficult term to research, given the prevalence of the term 'rider' in other contexts (contracts, insurance policies). Contrasting between the 'compareciente principal' (lead respondent) and 'compareciente secundario' (rider respondent) provides conceptual clarity.
English: right of appeal
Spanish: Derecho de apelar/apelación
Definition (English):—
Definition (Spanish):—
Comments:—
English: right to obtain the services of legal counsel
Spanish: derecho a conseguir los servicios de un licenciado/abogado/consejo legal
Definition (English):—
Definition (Spanish):—
Comments:—
English: rules of evidence
Spanish: reglas de (la) prueba
Definition (English):—
Definition (Spanish):—
Comments:As per, for example, Reglas de Procedimiento y Prueba, Publicación de la Corte Penal Internacional.
English: safe haven
Spanish: santuario, refugio
Definition (English):—
Definition (Spanish):—
Comments:In the context of asylum, this phrase is used once in the UNHCR manual: p. 111, and is translated as 'santuario'. It has another usage, though, which is common in American English (see excellent linguistic-political analysis at https://foreignpolicy.com/2015/01/26/al-qaeda-islamic-state-myth-of-the-terrorist-safe-haven/), and is defined by the State Department (https://2009-2017.state.gov//documents/organization/65466.pdf) as: "A terrorist safe haven is an area of relative security exploited by terrorists to indoctrinate, recruit, coalesce, train, and regroup, as well as prepare and support their operations." The document further indicates that these can be physical, electronic, or otherwise "virtual" safe havens.
English: safe third country
Spanish: tercer país seguro
Definition (English):—
Definition (Spanish):—
Comments:—
English: schedule a case
Spanish: fijar, programar una fecha para el caso, la audiencia, la vista
Definition (English):—
Definition (Spanish):—
Comments:—
English: school record
Spanish: expediente escolar
Definition (English):—
Definition (Spanish):—
Comments:—
English: seek (Legal)
Spanish: solicitar, pedir
Definition (English):—
Definition (Spanish):—
Comments:—
English: seek admission
Spanish: solicitar/pedir admisión
Definition (English):—
Definition (Spanish):—
Comments:See 'entry' for more discussion.
English: self supporting document
Spanish: documento de fe pública
Definition (English):—
Definition (Spanish):—
Comments:This is exactly what it sounds like; a document that needs no further corroboration (for example, a birth certificate)
English: sentence
Spanish: condena
Definition (English):—
Definition (Spanish):—
Comments:As per Miguel Valenzuela. See 'Decisions and Appeals' reference for much, much more.
English: sentencing
Spanish: imposición de la condena, pena
Definition (English):—
Definition (Spanish):—
Comments:—
English: sentencing guidelines
Spanish: banda punitiva
Definition (English):—
Definition (Spanish):—
Comments:—
English: separation of witnesses
Spanish: incomunicación de los testigos
Definition (English):—
Definition (Spanish):—
Comments:Jowers, pp. 358. See also 'exclusion' and 'sequestration' of witnesses.
English: sequestration of witnesses
Spanish: incomunicación de los testigos
Definition (English):—
Definition (Spanish):—
Comments:Sequestration refers to the strict circumstances surrounding Grand Jurors and some trial witnesses, wherein they are kept isolated from society in general. This is contrasted with the separation of witnesses, which is what we see in Immigration Court when the IJ requests a witness wait outside until their testimony is required, so as to avoid hearing other witness' testimony. The phrase 'exclusion of witnesses', in English, can refer to both separation as just described, as well as, generally in criminal court, to a witness being barred from testifying for whatever reason (prejudicial, etc). See also 'separation', 'exclusion' of witnesses.
English: sexual abuse
Spanish: Abuso sexual
Definition (English):—
Definition (Spanish):—
Comments:See the 'Sex Crimes' reference for further breakdown on specific terms.
English: sham marriage
Spanish: matrimonio de conveniencia
Definition (English):—
Definition (Spanish):—
Comments:Contrast this term with 'marriage fraud' https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matrimonio_de_conveniencia
English: singled out
Spanish: ser un blanco; seleccionar; elegir personalmente; atentar contra
Definition (English):—
Definition (Spanish):—
Comments:See 'target'.
English: smuggler
Spanish: (de bienes) contrabandista; (de personas) tratante de personas; (frontera EEUU/Mex.) coyote; (Cuba) lanchero
Definition (English):—
Definition (Spanish):—
Comments:Véase la Convención de las Naciones Unidas Contra la Delincuencia Organizada Transnacional y sus Protocolos, p. 5
English: sound discretion (of the Court)
Spanish: discreción fundada, discreción irrebatible
Definition (English):—
Definition (Spanish):—
Comments:"well-reasoned".
English: Special Immigrants
Spanish: Inmigrantes Especiales
Definition (English):—
Definition (Spanish):—
Comments:—
English: special rule for battered spouses
Spanish: regla, norma especial para cónyuges golpeados, maltratados
Definition (English):—
Definition (Spanish):—
Comments:Keep in mind the difference between a rule (norma, regla) and regulation (normativa, reglamento). Also, 'battered' here refers to someone who has been subject to abuse (abuso, maltrato, malos tratos) that was specifically physically violent in nature, and particularly severe. In other words, the spouse was not simply subject to abuse, but subject to battery through that abuse. A literal translation leads us to 'cónyuge golpeado/a', whereas a contextual translation that makes reference to the pattern of abuse would be more like 'cónyuge maltratado/a'.
English: specious argument
Spanish: argucia, argumento engañoso
Definition (English):—
Definition (Spanish):—
Comments:—
English: sponsor
Spanish: patrocinador; (VAWA) auto-patrocindador
Definition (English):—
Definition (Spanish):—
Comments:Given the interference in Mexican colloquial with 'patrón' for boss, and USCIS' use of 'patrocinio' in official documents, 'patrocinio' would be the form recommended for this concept.
English: Sponsored Immigrant
Spanish: migrante, inmigrante patrocinado
Definition (English):—
Definition (Spanish):—
Comments:—
English: spouse
Spanish: cónyuge
Definition (English):—
Definition (Spanish):—
Comments:—
English: SSA
Spanish: Administración de la Seguridad Social
Definition (English):—
Definition (Spanish):—
Comments:—
English: State Department Advisory Opinion
Spanish: opinión consultiva del Departamento de Estado
Definition (English):—
Definition (Spanish):—
Comments:This is an official response from the DoS regarding the two-year home-country physical presence requirement: https://travel.state.gov/content/travel/en/us-visas/visa-information-resources/advisory-opinions.html
English: State Department Country Report
Spanish: Informe del Departamento de Estado sobre las condiciones actuales en el país
Definition (English):—
Definition (Spanish):—
Comments:The official name of these reports as per the State Department is the Country Reports on Human Rights Practices, https://www.state.gov/reports/2019-country-reports-on-human-rights-practices/ That said, IJs routinely refer to these reports in many different ways: 'the current State Department report', 'the country conditions report', 'the current human rights report'; so be ready to adapt your interpretation to whatever the IJ says.
English: state your appearances
Spanish: Preséntense para que conste (su comparecencia)
Definition (English):—
Definition (Spanish):—
Comments:—
English: stateless
Spanish: apátrida
Definition (English):—
Definition (Spanish):—
Comments:—
English: statement under oath
Spanish: declaración bajo juramento, protesta
Definition (English):—
Definition (Spanish):—
Comments:—
English: status conference
Spanish: audiencia de actualización
Definition (English):—
Definition (Spanish):—
Comments:—
English: statute of limitations
Spanish: prescripción
Definition (English):—
Definition (Spanish):—
Comments:Many translator and interpreters' resources will give this as 'periodo de prescripción'. The 'periodo' is not necessary; the concept of time is included in the idea of 'prescripción'. See the RAE.
English: statutorily bar
Spanish: prohibir por ley
Definition (English):—
Definition (Spanish):—
Comments:—
English: statutorily eligible
Spanish: reunir/cumplir los requisitos conforme con/según la ley
Definition (English):—
Definition (Spanish):—
Comments:—
English: statutory requirements
Spanish: requisitos legales/de ley
Definition (English):—
Definition (Spanish):—
Comments:—
English: statutory threshold (to meet the)
Spanish: cumplir/reunir los requisitos mínimos
Definition (English):—
Definition (Spanish):—
Comments:—
English: stay
Spanish: suspensión, orden de suspensión, suspender
Definition (English):—
Definition (Spanish):—
Comments:—
English: stay of deportation order
Spanish: suspensión de la orden de deportación
Definition (English):—
Definition (Spanish):—
Comments:—
English: stipulate
Spanish: estipular
Definition (English):—
Definition (Spanish):—
Comments:RAE: "estipulación. Del lat. stipulatio,-onis. 1. f. Convenio verbal. 2. f. Der. Cada una de las disposiciones de un documento público o particular. 3. f. Der. Promesa que se hacía y aceptaba verbalmente, según las solemnidades y fórmulas prevenidas pro el derecho romano.
English: stop-time rule
Spanish: regla de la suspensión de la acumulación de tiempo
Definition (English):—
Definition (Spanish):—
Comments:This generally refers to 42-B relief, in which the respondent must have accumulated 10 years' physical presence in the country before issuance of the NTA.
English: stowaway
Spanish: polizón
Definition (English):—
Definition (Spanish):—
Comments:—
English: strike from the record; strike that
Spanish: tachar (del acta, las actas); tache eso
Definition (English):—
Definition (Spanish):—
Comments:—
English: subject to an order
Spanish: sujeto/a a una orden
Definition (English):—
Definition (Spanish):—
Comments:—
English: submission of evidence
Spanish: presentación/tramitación de pruebas
Definition (English):—
Definition (Spanish):—
Comments:—
English: submit documents
Spanish: presentar/radicar/entregar documentos
Definition (English):—
Definition (Spanish):—
Comments:See also 'file'.
English: substantive evidence
Spanish: pruebas sustantivas
Definition (English):—
Definition (Spanish):—
Comments:—
English: substantive grounds
Spanish: indicios sustantivos
Definition (English):—
Definition (Spanish):—
Comments:—
English: substitute sponsor
Spanish: patrocinador sustituto, suplente
Definition (English):—
Definition (Spanish):—
Comments:Substitute sponsor means an individual who meets the requirements of section 213A(f)(1)(A), (B), (C), and (E) of the Act and 8 CFR 213a.2(c)(1)(i), who is related to the principal intending immigrant in one of the ways described in section 213A(f)(5)(B) of the Act, and who is willing to sign the affidavit of support in place of the now-deceased person who filed ta relative or fiancé(e) petition that provides the basis for the intending immigrant's ability to seek permanent residence. 8 CFR § 213a.1 - Definitions.
English: subversive activity
Spanish: actividad subversiva
Definition (English):—
Definition (Spanish):—
Comments:Lots of UN sources, as well as Europarl, clearly use these two as equivalents.
English: succeed (on appeal)
Spanish: prosperar
Definition (English):—
Definition (Spanish):—
Comments:https://www.expansion.com/juridico/actualidad-tendencias/2016/03/01/56d5e3d246163fb75b8b465e.html
English: summarily dismissed (an appeal)
Spanish: desestimación anticipada
Definition (English):—
Definition (Spanish):—
Comments:See 'Decisions and Appeals' reference for more.
English: summations
Spanish: alegato final
Definition (English):—
Definition (Spanish):—
Comments:This is a synonym of 'closing argument'.
English: summon a witness
Spanish: citar, citar a comparecer, convocar a un testigo
Definition (English):—
Definition (Spanish):—
Comments:Consider the action of summoning someone -- citar or convocar -- versus the issuing of a summons, emitir una citación/orden judicial de comparecencia.
English: superseding charging document
Spanish: imputación, acusación, documento acusatorio, imputatorio sustituivo, supletorio
Definition (English):—
Definition (Spanish):—
Comments:The more commonly-heard phrasing is "superseding indictment". The Peruvian Penal Code, for example, provides for the modification of indictments, but doesn't seem to describe the situation expressed as a "superseding" indictment.
English: supplemental asylum application
Spanish: solicitud de asilo suplementaria
Definition (English):—
Definition (Spanish):—
Comments:—
English: supported by the record
Spanish: sustentado en, según el acta
Definition (English):—
Definition (Spanish):—
Comments:—
English: supporting documents
Spanish: documentos de apoyo
Definition (English):—
Definition (Spanish):—
Comments:—
English: supporting materials
Spanish: materiales de apoyo
Definition (English):—
Definition (Spanish):—
Comments:—
English: suppression of evidence
Spanish: inadmisión de la prueba
Definition (English):—
Definition (Spanish):—
Comments:As per Jowers, p. 140, 144, 'inadmision de pruebas'
English: surrender for removal
Spanish: entregarse para su expulsión
Definition (English):—
Definition (Spanish):—
Comments:—
English: surviving parent
Spanish: padre, madre, padre de familia que sobrevive
Definition (English):—
Definition (Spanish):—
Comments:This is a usage of the word 'survive' which is standard language in obituaries. Towards the end of an obituary, there will be a section that might read, "She is survived by her children, sister, and grandchildren," with the names of all of those persons. Spanish-language obituaries don't seem to follow this pattern, opting for putting a list of all surviving family members first as subjects, followed by "...ruegan una oración por su alma...", or simply a statement of the place and date of death. Newspaper-style obituaries often don't mention the family. Despite Spanish having a cognate for this word, English has this usage attested as of the year 1473 (OED, 1977), which does not correspond to the Spanish usages of 'sobrevivir' or 'superviviente'.
English: suspension of deportation
Spanish: suspensión de (la) deportación
Definition (English):—
Definition (Spanish):—
Comments:—
English: sworn, to be
Spanish: estar juramentado; estar puesto bajo juramento; estar bajo protesta (de decir verdad)
Definition (English):—
Definition (Spanish):—
Comments:In Mexico in particular, and in general in Spanish, it is common to hear the phrase 'protesta de decir verdad'. However, while this may be the native or more authentic way to say this, it quickly leads to confusion in the American context. Use with caution.
English: TA (Trial Attorney)
Spanish: Abogado del Gobierno, Representante del Departamento (de Seguridad Nacional)
Definition (English):—
Definition (Spanish):—
Comments:Is a Trial Attorney a litigator? What is the equivalent of this role in Spanish? Procurador? As per Aaron Lindsay, DHS attorneys are not prosecutors; "at most, we're General Counsel"; as per Jeremy Santoro, "prosecutor" would be "fair", but they are Trial Attorneys; as per Cheryl Gutridge, "I can see how someone sitting in the respondent's position would not appreciate the difference between the role of a prosecutor and that of DHS Attorney"; she defines their role as Trial Attorney, is not aware of whether there is a differentiation between a litigator and a Trial Attorney, and would lean towards a translation of "DHS Representative" for their title. As per Staff Attorneys of Cleveland EOIR on 9/20/19, a 'litigator' may be someone who works in litigation -- preparing briefs and filings, etc -- but never sees a courtroom, whereas a TA is someone who by definition does in-court litigation work. As per Jowers, p. 95, 'abogado litigante'. See 'Assistant Chief Counsel'.
English: take judicial notice
Spanish: reconocer como hecho notorio
Definition (English):—
Definition (Spanish):—
Comments:As per Jowers, p. 143, "reconocer judicialmente como hecho notorio no necesitado de prueba"
English: target
Spanish: blanco, objetivo, ir contra, atentar contra
Definition (English):—
Definition (Spanish):—
Comments:—
English: Temporary Protected Status (TPS)
Spanish: (USA) estatus, (worldwide) condición, (Spain/EU) estatuto de protección temporal
Definition (English):—
Definition (Spanish):—
Comments:Interestingly, Spanish seems to have adopted 'temporal', probably through influence from English, in this instance, rather than for example 'provisional'. It is seen in the ACNUR manual, as well as in Directiva 2001/55/CE del Consejo, de 20 de julio de 2001. It is also broadly used by USCIS and within the United States. The recommended phrase would be 'condición de protección temporal', acknowledging that many here in the US are likely to call it 'estatus'. For more on the usage of 'estatuto', see resources from the Centro de Acogida a Refugiados, in Spain.
English: temporary worker
Spanish: trabajador temporal
Definition (English):—
Definition (Spanish):—
Comments:For example: https://www.empleo.gob.mx/sne/programa-trabajadores-agricolas-temporales-mexico-canada
English: —
Spanish: privar, extinguir, sobreseer
Definition (English):—
Definition (Spanish):—
Comments:USCIS, EOIR, DHS, and other agencies use 'termination' to refer to the process of stripping someone of refugee, asylum, withholding, CPR, or LPR status. The UNHCR manual refers to this process (solely as regards refugees, of course) as 'withdrawal' (of status) or 'privación' (p. 29). That term in Spanish very clearly means that something is being taken from someone. However, there are circumstances wherein a 'termination' is not meant in as punitive or negative a sense; for example, when a former asylee adjusts to LPR, their asylum status is 'terminated'. Sometimes people talk in a general way about 'terminating' a case. Consider for these situations 'extinguir' or 'sobreseer'. See entry on withdrawal for more.
English: terminate
Spanish: —
Definition (English):—
Definition (Spanish):—
Comments:—
English: testimonial evidence
Spanish: prueba testimonial
Definition (English):—
Definition (Spanish):—
Comments:—
English: threshold eligibility has not been established (the)
Spanish: no se ha demostrado que cumple con/reúne los requisitos mínimos
Definition (English):—
Definition (Spanish):—
Comments:—
English: time-barred
Spanish: queda fuera de plazo; inadmisible por ser tramitado fuera de plazo
Definition (English):—
Definition (Spanish):—
Comments:—
English: time for filing an appeal
Spanish: período/plazo para presentar/tramitar una apelación
Definition (English):—
Definition (Spanish):—
Comments:Note: the more native option to refer to an appeal is 'recurso', and in talking about 'appealing', in general, recurrir is probably a better option. However, when referring to a second instance appeal as such, 'apelación' is entirely accurate and appropriate. Obviously, in the Immigration context, all appeals are second-instance appeals.
English: toll-free number
Spanish: teléfono gratuito
Definition (English):—
Definition (Spanish):—
Comments:For example: https://tarifasgasluz.com/comercializadoras/endesa/telefono-gratuito
English: —
Spanish: turista
Definition (English):—
Definition (Spanish):—
Comments:—
English: tourist
Spanish: —
Definition (English):—
Definition (Spanish):—
Comments:—
English: trafficking of a controlled substance
Spanish: traficar una sustancia controlada
Definition (English):—
Definition (Spanish):—
Comments:See 'controlled substance' for more.
English: transcript of the hearing
Spanish: transcripción de la audiencia, vista
Definition (English):—
Definition (Spanish):—
Comments:—
English: transit (in)
Spanish: (en) tránsito
Definition (English):—
Definition (Spanish):—
Comments:—
English: transit alien
Spanish: extranjero en tránsito
Definition (English):—
Definition (Spanish):—
Comments:—
English: transit visa
Spanish: visado de tránsito
Definition (English):—
Definition (Spanish):—
Comments:For example: https://france-visas.gouv.fr/es/web/france-visas/visado-de-transito-aeroportuario
English: Transition Period Custody Rules
Spanish: Reglas, Normas de Custodia del Periodo de Transición
Definition (English):—
Definition (Spanish):—
Comments:See 303(b)(3) of Div. C of Public Law 104-208 (IIRIRA).
English: travel documents
Spanish: documentos de viaje
Definition (English):—
Definition (Spanish):—
Comments:—
English: trigger a/the bar
Spanish: crear, representar un impedimento por ley
Definition (English):—
Definition (Spanish):—
Comments:For example, "Your priors for drug trafficking trigger a bar and therefore you are ineligible"; "The bar was not triggered when Respondent left to consular process, but rather when Respondent subsequently re-entered without inspection and without having first acquired a visa."
English: U.S. Citizen (USC)
Spanish: Ciudadano de los Estados Unidos, Ciudadano Americano / Estadounidense
Definition (English):—
Definition (Spanish):—
Comments:—
English: unaccompanied alien child
Spanish: menor no acompañado
Definition (English):—
Definition (Spanish):—
Comments:As per UNHCR Manual y Directrices Sobre Procedimientos y Criterios Para Determinar la Condición de Refugiado, pp. 46
English: unaltered passport
Spanish: pasaporte sin alteraciones, inalterado
Definition (English):—
Definition (Spanish):—
Comments:According to the Secretario de Relaciones Exteriores de México, an 'altered passport' would be a 'pasaporte alterado' (Reglamento de pasaportes y del documento de identidad y viaje, Nuevo Reglamento publicado en el Diario Oficial de la Federación el 5 de agosto de 2011).
English: unauthorized worker
Spanish: trabajador no autorizado
Definition (English):—
Definition (Spanish):—
Comments:USCIS talks about 'autorización de empleo' (Employment Authorization), and that's what, in general, this refers to.
English: (to take) under advisement
Spanish: tener en cuenta, estudiar, deliberar
Definition (English):—
Definition (Spanish):—
Comments:This is an elliptical or euphemistic phrase used broadly in US English, and is essentially a synonym of 'to consider' or 'to deliberate'.
English: —
Spanish: agente encubierto
Definition (English):—
Definition (Spanish):—
Comments:—
English: undercover agent
Spanish: —
Definition (English):—
Definition (Spanish):—
Comments:—
English: undocumented immigrant
Spanish: migrante irregular
Definition (English):—
Definition (Spanish):—
Comments:This is as per Mexico's terminology. https://www.gob.mx/tramites/identidad See 'Nationality and Status' reference for more.
English: unexpired passport
Spanish: pasaporte vigente, pasaporte sin caducar
Definition (English):—
Definition (Spanish):—
Comments:—
English: uninterrupted residence
Spanish: residencia ininterrumpida
Definition (English):—
Definition (Spanish):—
Comments:—
English: United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees
Spanish: Alto Comisionado de las Naciones Unidas para los refugiados
Definition (English):—
Definition (Spanish):—
Comments:—
English: United Nations Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees
Spanish: La Convención relacionada con el estatus de refugiados de las Naciones Unidas
Definition (English):—
Definition (Spanish):—
Comments:—
English: unpublished decision (BIA)
Spanish: fallo, decisión de la Junta de Apelaciones Migratorias no publicado/a
Definition (English):—
Definition (Spanish):—
Comments:—
English: unrelinquished domicile
Spanish: domicilio no renunciado
Definition (English):—
Definition (Spanish):—
Comments:This phrase became common when it was used in the title of USCIS Form I-191, Application for Advance Permission to Return to Unrelinquished Domicile, currently referred to as Application for Relief Under Former Section 212(c) of the Immigration and Nationality Act (INA). See also 8 CFR 1212.3.
English: unusual, outstanding and countervaillance equities
Spanish: factores positivos inusuales, excepcionales o vigentes que compensan, compensatorios
Definition (English):—
Definition (Spanish):—
Comments:This phrase is case law from Elramly v. INS, although partially referencing Varela-Blanco v. INS. In Elramly v. INS, Mr. Elramly had been convicted of a 'serious drug offense', and therefore had to show the BIA 'unusual or outstanding and countervailing equities' that would overcome the serious drug offense on his record. There are a few complicating factors: 'equities' should, linguistically, be positive factors. However, in Immigration law they are often 'negative or positive equities', in other words, negative or positive factors to be balanced. 'outstanding' can mean 'really exceptional', and it can also mean 'still in existence'. 'countervailing', meanwhile, is a term that means 'to be worth as much as'. So what we're looking at, here, is 'positive factors that are unusual, exceptional/still in existence and of equal, but opposite, weight.'
English: upgrade a petition
Spanish: agilizar una petición
Definition (English):—
Definition (Spanish):—
Comments:If an LPR has filed an I-130 to USCIS on behalf of a spouse/minor child, and that LPR has since become a naturalized citizen, the peitioner may inform USCIS of their change in status, which will make the I-130 move faster. It is unclear as to whether 'upgrade' is an official USCIS term.
English: uphold
Spanish: (objections) dar lugar a; (uphold an appeal) declarar firme (la resolución recurrida o apelada), declarar haber lugar
Definition (English):—
Definition (Spanish):—
Comments:See 'Decisions and Appeals' reference for more.
English: USCIS
Spanish: Servicios de Ciudadanía e Inmigración de los Estados Unidos
Definition (English):—
Definition (Spanish):—
Comments:—
English: USDOJ
Spanish: Departamento de Justicia de los Estados Unidos
Definition (English):—
Definition (Spanish):—
Comments:—
English: vacated
Spanish: declarado nulo
Definition (English):—
Definition (Spanish):—
Comments:—
English: venue
Spanish: fuero, (lower register: tribunal)
Definition (English):—
Definition (Spanish):—
Comments:The coexistence of 'forum' and 'venue' is a lovely example of the multiple pools that the English language draws from, and of there being two terms in English equating to one in Spanish. Both are, of course, Latin in origin, but venuecame later from French, referring to 'the place to which the case comes' (Black's), and forum, far older, refers more specifically to 'the place of jurisdiction' (Black's). A more in-depth explanation, again Black's, quoting Charles Alan Wright, The Law of Federal Courts, "The distinction must be clearly understood between jurisdiction, which is the power to adjudicate, and venue, which relates to the place where judicial authority may be exercised and is intended for the convenience of the litigants. It is possible for jurisdiction to exist though venue in a particular district is improper, and it is possible for a suit to be brought in the appropriate venue though it must be dismissed for lack of jurisdiction." See also jurisdiction, competence.
English: visa
Spanish: visado
Definition (English):—
Definition (Spanish):—
Comments:What's the difference (dialectical preference? Caribbean only?) between visa and visado?
English: visa expiration date
Spanish: fecha de caducidad del visado
Definition (English):—
Definition (Spanish):—
Comments:—
English: visa stamp
Spanish: sello del visado
Definition (English):—
Definition (Spanish):—
Comments:—
English: visa validity
Spanish: validez del visado
Definition (English):—
Definition (Spanish):—
Comments:—
English: Visa Waiver Program
Spanish: programa de exención de visados
Definition (English):—
Definition (Spanish):—
Comments:—
English: visitor's visa
Spanish: visado de visitante
Definition (English):—
Definition (Spanish):—
Comments:—
English: voluntary departure
Spanish: salida voluntaria
Definition (English):—
Definition (Spanish):—
Comments:—
English: voluntary departure at the conclusion of removal proceedings
Spanish: salida voluntaria tras, a la conclusión de la audiencia
Definition (English):—
Definition (Spanish):—
Comments:Frequently referred to as 'post-conclusion voluntary departure', the actual term is at the conclusion of removal proceedings, as per 8 CFR§ 1240.26 (c).
English: voluntary departure bond
Spanish: fianza de salida voluntaria
Definition (English):—
Definition (Spanish):—
Comments:—
English: voluntary departure with safeguards
Spanish: salida voluntaria con escolta
Definition (English):—
Definition (Spanish):—
Comments:as per discussion at 2019 Interpreter's Teleconference
English: VTC
Spanish: videoconferencia, videollamada
Definition (English):—
Definition (Spanish):—
Comments:—
English: waive the presence of respondent
Spanish: Permitir que no se presente, exonerar la presencia del compareciente
Definition (English):—
Definition (Spanish):—
Comments:—
English: waiver
Spanish: (give up) renunciar; (opt not to) optar por no; (to allow in a specific instance); permitir (an allowance in a specific instance) dispensa, exención
Definition (English):—
Definition (Spanish):—
Comments:—
English: waiver of ineligibility / inadmissability / waiver
Spanish: exención de la inadmisibilidad
Definition (English):—
Definition (Spanish):—
Comments:—
English: warning regarding knowingly filing a frivolous asylum application
Spanish: aviso/advertencia contra la tramitación de una solicitud de asilo que contiene falsedades
Definition (English):—
Definition (Spanish):—
Comments:See 'frivolous'; 'que contiene falsedades as per Interpreter's Teleconference 2019
English: weighed the evidence
Spanish: sopesó (weighed), valoró (evaluated), ponderó (considered) las pruebas
Definition (English):—
Definition (Spanish):—
Comments:—
English: welfare
Spanish: programas de bienestar
Definition (English):—
Definition (Spanish):—
Comments:Welfare' was a specific program rolled out across the United States during the 1990s, and has become a generalized term synonymous with 'public assistance' or 'public benefits', and is the topic of much heated debate. An interesting counterpoint to this is the way 'bienestar' is used in Spain, wherein most political parties, from the center-right through the left, talk about how important it is to 'mantener el estado de bienestar'.
English: well founded fear of persecution based on race, religion, nationality, member in a particular social group or political opinion
Spanish: temor fundado de persecución basado en la raza, religión, nacionalidad, o membresía en un determinado grupo social
Definition (English):—
Definition (Spanish):—
Comments:—
English: wet foot dry foot policy
Spanish: política de pie mojado pie seco
Definition (English):—
Definition (Spanish):—
Comments:Description for this
English: willful misrepresentation of a material fact
Spanish: representación falsa intencional, inexacta intencional, tergiversación de un hecho importante, esencial, pertinente
Definition (English):—
Definition (Spanish):—
Comments:The ACNUR manual provides this variously as representación inexacta and tergiversación, speaking to the flexibility of the term misrepresentation. See also 'material fact', 'fraud or misrepresentation'.
English: withdrawal of application
Spanish: retiro, retirada de la solicitud
Definition (English):—
Definition (Spanish):—
Comments:A respondent, or an IJ or attorney on behalf of a respondent, may withdraw(retirar) an application; however, if an IJ or other authority, for example, withdraws refugee status, it is terminated in English. See entry on termination for more.
English: withholding of deportation
Spanish: suspensión de la deportación
Definition (English):—
Definition (Spanish):—
Comments:Two things of note: contrast withholding, which implies impermanence, with cancellation. Additionally, note that withholding of deportation is relief only available to older cases; newer cases refer to withholding of removal.
English: withholding of removal
Spanish: suspensión de la expulsión
Definition (English):—
Definition (Spanish):—
Comments:—
English: Women, Infants and Children (WIC)
Spanish: WIC, el programa WIC
Definition (English):—
Definition (Spanish):—
Comments:—
English: work authorization
Spanish: autorización de empleo, trabajo
Definition (English):—
Definition (Spanish):—
Comments:The technical term for this is Employment Authorization Document. Both 'Work Authorization' and 'Work Permit' are colloquial forms. See Employment Authorization Document (EAD).
English: work permit
Spanish: permiso de empleo, trabajo
Definition (English):—
Definition (Spanish):—
Comments:The technical term for this is Employment Authorization Document. Both 'Work Authorization' and 'Work Permit' are colloquial forms. See Employment Authorization Document (EAD). Additionally, be careful with how you formulate this expression, as '¿le dieron permiso de trabajar?' does not mean the same thing as '¿le dieron un permiso de trabajo?'
English: writ of habeas corpus, mandamus
Spanish: auto, orden de habeas corpus, mandamus
Definition (English):—
Definition (Spanish):—
Comments:There are many types of 'writs', which are 'autos' or 'ordenes', something that expresses that the judge is issuing an order, in common law. Most of them do not correspond to any equivalent legal instrument or action in civil law. Conveniently, many of them are given Latin names in English, and not only a defensible, but a recommended, translation solution to this issue is to leave it in Latin, so for instances such as these, simply say 'auto de habeas corpus' or 'orden de mandamus'.
English: Assault
Spanish: Abusar de (sexo)
Definition (English):—
Definition (Spanish):—
Comments:This is a frequently-used expression which, at least at Cleveland EOIR, we have observed Central American speakers use when they wish to describe what we would describe as a rape, or an attempted rape (see Sex Crimes reference for more on this topic). The dilemma is that, when a speaker simply says, 'El abusó de mí', how far do we go? Do we say simply 'He raped me', or do we use the arguably equivalent 'He took advantage of me', and leave it up to the attorneys to clarify? There is danger in both overstating and in understating. It is clear to us that what is meant is that a sexual act was committed, and likely, one that involved penetration and force (again, see the Sex Crimes reference for why this is particularly pertinent). Based on our experience with the expression and the stories that it is used to tell, as well as the technical definition of 'sexual assault', we recommend 'assault' for this expression: it communicates the force inherent in the expression, while still leaving it vague enough that it should provoke the necessary follow-up questions from counsel.
English: —
Spanish: Agresión
Definition (English):—
Definition (Spanish):—
Comments:See Sex Crimes reference for more on this.
English: Abuse (v.)
Spanish: Abusar de (autoridad)
Definition (English):—
Definition (Spanish):—
Comments:This is the other meaning of this elliptical phrase -- used to describe someone taking advantage of, or more properly, abusing their power or authority.
English: —
Spanish: Maltratar
Definition (English):—
Definition (Spanish):—
Comments:In a similar way to the discussion surrounding 'abusar de', the moment when a speaker simply says 'me maltrató' can be a delicate one. There is a risk in rendering this as 'he/she mistreated me', and a risk in rendering it as 'he/she abused me'. Something to keep in mind are the long-term effects of any kind of abuse, and the effort that it often times takes for the victim to discuss that abuse later. As interpreters, we are sworn to transparently transfer meaning from one language to another. We also must consider being trauma informed when interpreting issues of trauma, and not to shy away from calling abuse what it is, even when the speaker struggles to call it that. Both 'abuso' and 'maltrato' are used in Spanish, although based on anecdotal evidence, 'maltrato' seems, at least in many dialects, to be a preferential or less English-influenced choice, especially when describing abuse experienced by the speaker.
English: Abuse (n.)
Spanish: Abuso, maltrato
Definition (English):—
Definition (Spanish):—
Comments:See discussion of abuse (v.).
English: Stalking
Spanish: Acecho
Definition (English):—
Definition (Spanish):—
Comments:Compare with 'acoso' and 'hostigamiento'.
English: Harrassment, bullying
Spanish: Acoso
Definition (English):—
Definition (Spanish):—
Comments:Compare with 'acecho' and 'hostigamiento'.
English: Damage, harm, injury
Spanish: Daño
Definition (English):—
Definition (Spanish):—
Comments:This is a generic concept, and can be applied in a literal sense (physical harm) as well as abstract.
English: Torts, injuries
Spanish: Daños
Definition (English):—
Definition (Spanish):—
Comments:This refers to the concept, used in civil law, of damages for which a third party allegedly has responsibility.
English: Pain and suffering
Spanish: Daños morales
Definition (English):—
Definition (Spanish):—
Comments:The Spanish term here is a term of art which, as discussed in the Sex Crimes reference, is a holdout from a time where criminal issues were more morally defined.
English: Damages (tort)
Spanish: Daños y perjuicios
Definition (English):—
Definition (Spanish):—
Comments:This refers to the concept, used in civil law, of damages for which a party seeks to be made whole.
English: Neglect (v)
Spanish: Desamparar
Definition (English):—
Definition (Spanish):—
Comments:Neglect' is a term which, in English, can have a broad range of usages. The meaning under examination here refers more specifically to the neglecting of children or other family members for whose care one is responsible. 'Desamparar' is a highly specific verb in Spanish which is a beautiful equivalent for this usage. Be careful of 'neglect' in more complex verbal constructions, such as 'neglecting one's duty', which would be more akin to incumplimiento.
English: Overlook
Spanish: Descuidar
Definition (English):—
Definition (Spanish):—
Comments:While descuidar may feel like an intuitive equivalent to neglect from its denotative meaning, it is nowhere near strong enough in its connotative meaning. A descuido is when you leave your coffee cup on top of the car -- not when you leave the child alone for three days.
English: Hit, blow, impact, (sometimes) bruise
Spanish: Golpe
Definition (English):—
Definition (Spanish):—
Comments:—
English: To beat, batter, beat up
Spanish: Golpear
Definition (English):—
Definition (Spanish):—
Comments:—
English: Beating
Spanish: Golpes
Definition (English):—
Definition (Spanish):—
Comments:—
English: Harrassment
Spanish: Hostigamiento
Definition (English):—
Definition (Spanish):—
Comments:—
English: Intersectionality
Spanish: Interconexión
Definition (English):—
Definition (Spanish):—
Comments:—
English: Injury
Spanish: Lesión
Definition (English):—
Definition (Spanish):—
Comments:—
English: Injuries
Spanish: Lesiones
Definition (English):—
Definition (Spanish):—
Comments:—
English: Machismo, male supremacy, chauvinism
Spanish: Machismo
Definition (English):—
Definition (Spanish):—
Comments:—
English: Chauvinist, male supremacist
Spanish: Machista
Definition (English):—
Definition (Spanish):—
Comments:—
English: Traffic, trafficking (of persons)
Spanish: Trata
Definition (English):—
Definition (Spanish):—
Comments:—
English: Sexual slavery, forced prostitution
Spanish: Trata de blancas
Definition (English):—
Definition (Spanish):—
Comments:—
English: Gender-based violence
Spanish: Violencia de género
Definition (English):—
Definition (Spanish):—
Comments:—
English: Intimate partner violence
Spanish: Violencia de pareja
Definition (English):—
Definition (Spanish):—
Comments:In Spain, malos tratos
English: Domestic violence
Spanish: Violencia doméstica
Definition (English):—
Definition (Spanish):—
Comments:—
English: Domestic violence, violence at/in the home
Spanish: Violencia en el hogar
Definition (English):—
Definition (Spanish):—
Comments:—
English: Intrafamily violence
Spanish: Violencia intrafamiliar
Definition (English):—
Definition (Spanish):—
Comments:—
English: Chauvinist, male supremacist violence
Spanish: Violencia machista
Definition (English):—
Definition (Spanish):—
Comments:—
English: Sexual violence
Spanish: Violencia sexual
Definition (English):—
Definition (Spanish):—
Comments:—
English: Mistreat
Spanish: —
Definition (English):—
Definition (Spanish):—
Comments:—
English: accusation
Spanish: acusación
Definition (English):(14c) 1. A formal charge of criminal wrongdoing. - The accusation is usu. presented to a court or magistrate having jurisdiction to inquire into the alleged crime. 2. A statement that a person has engaged in an illegal or immoral act.
Definition (Spanish):1. Pen. y Proc. Escrito formal que identifica al acusado y los hechos de los que se le acusa, califica el delito que se considera cometido por el acusado y solicita al juez o tribunal su enjuiciamiento para la imposición de las penas correspondientes. 2. Pen. y Proc. Parte procesal que ejerce la acusación, que puede ser el fiscal o ministerio público, el agraviado por el delito, y también cualquier persona en los casos de delitos perseguibles mediante acción popular o pública.
Comments:—
English: accusatory instrument
Spanish: —
Definition (English):See CHARGING INSTRUMENT.
Definition (Spanish):—
Comments:—
English: Indictment
Spanish: veáse imputación, procesamiento, auto de vinculación a proceso.
Definition (English):1. The formal written accusation of a crime, made by a grand jury and presented to a court for prosecution against the accused person. See Fed. R. Crim. P. 7. [Cases: Indictment and Information 17.]2. The act or process of preparing or bringing forward such a formal written accusation. Cf. INFORMATION; PRESENTMENT (2).
Definition (Spanish):—
Comments:—
English: Charge
Spanish: veáse imputación, procesamiento, auto de vinculación a proceso.
Definition (English):1. A formal accusation of an offense as a preliminary step to prosecution <a murder charge>. Also termed criminal charge. [Cases: Criminal Law (;:::>208.1.)2. An instruction or command <a mother's charge to her son>. 3. JURY CHARGE <review the charge for appealable error>. 4. An aSSigned duty or task; a responsibility <the manager's charge to open and close the office>. 5. An encumbrance, lien, or claim <a charge on property>. 6. A person or thing entrusted to another's care <a charge of the estate>. 7. Price, cost, or expense <free ofcharge>.
Definition (Spanish):—
Comments:—
English: Charging Document
Spanish: —
Definition (English):Not in Black's
Definition (Spanish):—
Comments:—
English: Charging Instrument
Spanish: —
Definition (English):A formal document - usu. either an indictment or an information - that sets forth an accusation ofa crime. - Also termed accusatory instrument.
Definition (Spanish):—
Comments:Frequently rendered by interpreters and translators in the United States as 'documento acusatorio' or 'documento inculpatorio'.
English: Ticket
Spanish: boleta
Definition (English):ticket, n. 1. A certificate indicating that the person to whom it is issued, or the holder, is entitled to some right or privilege <she bought a bus ticket for Miami>. 2. CITATION (2) <he got a speeding ticket last week>. 3. BALLOT (2) <they all voted a straight-party ticket>.
Definition (Spanish):1. Adm. En algunos países hispanoamericanos, multa que se cobra a causa de una infracción de tráfico.
Comments:Note that in Spain, common usage for "I got a traffic ticket" would be "me multaron" or "me dieron una multa", which is used in the RAE's own defintion of "boleta" here; in other words, both the physical ticket as well as the fine one has to pay are expressed in the same word, multa. This quickly becomes problematic in US environment, wherein the ticket itself may contain charges that are significantly beyond what a simple multa would be--a DUI charge, or drag racing, for example.
English: Citation
Spanish: citación
Definition (English):1. A court-issued writ that commands a person to appear at a certain time and place to do something demanded in the writ, or to show cause for not doing so. 2. A police-issued order to appear before a judge on a given date to defend against a stated charge, such as a traffic violation. Also termed appearance ticket. [Cases: Automobiles (;:::>351.1.] 3. A reference to a legal precedent or authority, such as a case, statute, or treatise, that either substantiates or contradicts a given position. Often shortened to (in sense 3) cite.
Definition (Spanish):Can. Decreto del juez en el que llama a juicio a las partes, a los testigos, a los peritos, al defensor del vínculo, etc., en cualquier fase del juicio, para que se presenten en día y hora establecidos ante la sede del tribunal para realizar un determinado acto. Al decreto de citación hace referencia, por ejemplo, el c. 1507 1 del Codex Iuris Canonici.
Comments:—
English: Information
Spanish: veáse imputación, procesamiento, auto de vinculación a proceso.
Definition (English):(15c) A formal criminal charge made by a prosecutor without a grand-jury indictment. See Fed. R. Crim. P. 7.• The information is used to prosecute misdemeanors in most states, and about half the states allow its use in felony prosecutions as well. - Also termed bill of information. Cf. INDICTMENT. [Cases: Indictment and Information
Definition (Spanish):—
Comments:—
English: see Indictment, Information.
Spanish: imputación
Definition (English):—
Definition (Spanish):Pen. Decisión judicial por la que se atribuye a un sospechoso la presunta participación en un hecho delictivo.
Comments:Note that this definition includes judicial, which implies that a judge (maybe a 'juez de instrucción') is involved.
English: see Indictment, Information.
Spanish: procesamiento
Definition (English):—
Definition (Spanish):1. Pen. y Proc. Resolución judicial en la que se imputa formalmente un delito a determinada persona, desde que resultare del sumario algún indicio racional de criminalidad contra la misma.
Comments:—
English: see Indictment, Information.
Spanish: auto de vinculación a proceso
Definition (English):—
Definition (Spanish):Pen.; Méx. En el sistema penal acusatorio adversarial, acto procesal mediante el cual el juez determina que el imputado debe pasar a la siguiente etapa de investigación (fase intermedia).
Comments:—
English: in general, report, police report
Spanish: denuncia
Definition (English):—
Definition (Spanish):1. Pen. Declaración de conocimiento por la que se informa a las autoridades (órgano judicial, Ministerio Fiscal o autoridad con funciones de policía judicial) de la existencia de un hecho que reviste los caracteres de delito o falta.
Comments:—
English: Civil Unrest
Spanish: disturbio
Definition (English):(Insurance) Civil unrest is fighting between different groups of people living in the same country, and losses caused by this fighting are usually not covered by insurance.
Definition (Spanish):Alteración, turbación de la paz y concordia.
Comments:Also 'disturbios civiles' in the ACNUR manual, p. 245
English: —
Spanish: desasosiego
Definition (English):—
Definition (Spanish):1. m. Falta de sosiego (Quietud, tranquilidad, serenidad).
Comments:—
English: —
Spanish: revuelta
Definition (English):—
Definition (Spanish):1. f. Alboroto, alteración, sedición.
Comments:—
English: Turmoil
Spanish: turbulencia
Definition (English):Turmoil is a state of confusion, disorder, uncertainty, or great anxiety.
Definition (Spanish):2. f. Confusión, alboroto o perturbación.
Comments:—
English: Chaos
Spanish: caos
Definition (English):2. extreme confusion or disorder [...] 4. A pattern or state of order existing within apparent disorder, as in the irregularities of a coastline or a snowflake
Definition (Spanish):2. m. Confusión, desorden. 3. m. Fís. y Mat. Comportamiento aparentemente errático e impredecible de algunos sistemas dinámicos deterministas con gran sensibilidad a las condiciones iniciales.
Comments:—
English: Disorder
Spanish: desorden
Definition (English):3. variable noun Disorder is violence or rioting in public.
Definition (Spanish):3. m. Disturbio que altera la tranquilidad pública. U. m. en pl.
Comments:—
English: crisis
Spanish: crisis
Definition (English):A crisis is a situation in which something or someone is affected by one or more very serious problems.
Definition (Spanish):Cambio profundo y de consecuencias importantes en un proceso o una situación, o en la manera en que estos son apreciados.
Comments:—
English: riot
Spanish: motín
Definition (English):When there is a riot, a crowd of people behave violently in a public place, for example they fight, throw stones, or damage buildings and vehicles.
Definition (Spanish):1. m. Movimiento desordenado de una muchedumbre, por lo común contra la autoridad constituida.
Comments:—
English: revolt
Spanish: rebelión
Definition (English):A revolt is an illegal and often violent attempt by a group of people to change their country's political system.
Definition (Spanish):1. f. Acción y efecto de rebelarse. Era u. t. c. m. 2. f. Der. Delito contra el orden público, penado por la ley ordinaria y por la militar, consistente en el levantamiento público y en cierta hostilidad contra los poderes del Estado, con el fin de derrocarlos.
Comments:—
English: sedition
Spanish: sedición
Definition (English):Sedition is speech, writing, or behavior intended to encourage people to fight against or oppose the government.
Definition (Spanish):1. f. Alzamiento colectivo y violento contra la autoridad, el orden público o la disciplina militar, sin llegar a la gravedad de la rebelión.
Comments:—
English: uprising
Spanish: sublevar
Definition (English):When there is an uprising, a group of people start fighting against the people who are in power in their country, because they want to bring about a political change.
Definition (Spanish):1. tr. Llevar a alguien a la sedición o al motín. Sublevar a los soldados, al pueblo. U. t. c. prnl. 2. tr. Excitar indignación, promover sentimiento de protesta.
Comments:—
English: —
Spanish: levantamiento
Definition (English):—
Definition (Spanish):1. m. Acción y efecto de levantar o levantarse. 2. m. Sedición, alboroto popular. 3. m. Sublimidad, elevación.
Comments:—
English: agitation
Spanish: agitación
Definition (English):3. the act of attempting to stir up public opinion for or against something
Definition (Spanish):3. tr. Provocar la inquietud política o social.
Comments:—
English: social discontent
Spanish: malestar social
Definition (English):Social discontent is a complicated and controversial phenomenon. In the context of everyday use, the term refers to the feeling that people have that the deterioration of society is out of control and therefore cannot be stopped. (https://kennisopenbaarbestuur.nl/media/255088/social-discontent-and-public-administration.pdf)
Definition (Spanish):"[...] han generado un fuerte malestar individual y colectivo que se manifiesta a través de miedos, inseguridades, pérdida de referentes, apatía, racionalidades cortoplacistas, y otra serie de síntomas…" (http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S1665-05652012000200008)
Comments:—
English: conflict
Spanish: conflicto
Definition (English):1. Conflict is serious disagreement and argument about something important. If two people or groups are in conflict, they have had a serious disagreement or argument and have not yet reached agreement. 2. Conflict is a state of mind in which you find it impossible to make a decision. 3. Conflict is fighting between countries or groups of people. 4. A conflict is a serious difference between two or more beliefs, ideas, or interests. If two beliefs, ideas, or interests are in conflict, they are very different. 5. If ideas, beliefs, or accounts conflict, they are very different from each other and it seems impossible for them to exist together or to each be true.
Definition (Spanish):1. m. Combate, lucha, pelea. U. t. en sent. fig. 2. m. Enfrentamiento armado. 3. m. Apuro, situación desgraciada y de difícil salida. 4. m. Problema, cuestión, materia de discusión. Conflicto de competencia, de jurisdicción. 5. m. Psicol. Coexistencia de tendencias contradictorias en el individuo, capaces de generar angustia y trastornos neuróticos. 6. m. desus. Momento en que la batalla es más dura y violenta.
Comments:—
English: Upheaval
Spanish: —
Definition (English):1. An upheaval is a big change which causes a lot of trouble, confusion, and worry. 2. A strong, sudden, or violent disturbance, as in politics, social conditions, etc
Definition (Spanish):—
Comments:—
English: Strife
Spanish: —
Definition (English):Strife is strong disagreement or fighting.
Definition (Spanish):—
Comments:—
English: —
Spanish: contienda
Definition (English):—
Definition (Spanish):1. f. Lidia, pelea, riña, batalla. 2. f. Disputa, discusión, debate.
Comments:—
English: Administrative closure
Spanish: sobreseímiento a nivel administrativo
Definition (English):—
Definition (Spanish):—
Comments:—
English: decision
Spanish: (general) decisión; (EOIR written decision) auto, decisión; (EOIR "final decision"), decisión firme, decisión final
Definition (English):1. A judicial or agency determination after consideration ofthe facts and the law; esp., a ruling, order, or judgment pronounced by a court when considering or disposing of a case. See JUDGMENT (1); OPINION (1). - decisional, adj.
Definition (Spanish):(decision) 1. Gral. Acuerdo o resolución final de cualquier persona, organismo o establecimiento, público o privado. 2. Proc. Manifestación de la potestad resolutoria conocida a los jueces y tribunales, que los faculta para resolver, mediante auto o sentencia, la pretensión sometida a su consideración. 3. Eur. Acto jurídico de carácter obligatorio en todos sus elementos adoptado por las instituciones de la UE, que puede dirigirse o no a un destinatario específico. 4. Adm. Resolución de un órgano competente de la Administración. 5. Merc. Acuerdo societario. (auto) Proc. Resolución judicial motivada, estructurada con la debida separación de hechos, fundamentos y parte dispositiva, que decide los recursos interpuestos contra providencias o decretos, las cuestiones incidentales, los presupuestos procesales, la nulidad del procedimiento, así como los demás casos previstos en la ley.
Comments:See entry on 'affirm' or 'uphold' regarding 'firme'.
English: finding
Spanish: decisión, fallo, resolución judicial
Definition (English):finding. See FINDING OF FACT. finding of fact. (18c) A determination by a judge, jury, or administrative agency of a fact supported by the evidence in the record, usu. presented at the trial or hearing <he agreed with the jury's finding of fact that the driver did not stop before proceeding into the intersection>. Often shortened to finding. See FACT-FINDER. Cf. CONCLUSION OF FACT; CONCLUSION OF LAW.
Definition (Spanish):—
Comments:For our purposes, 'finding' and 'ruling' should be considered synonyms. See 'ruling' for more. Note that a 'finding' in English frequently is limited in scope; a judge or other fact finder may make a finding regarding a specific issue of fact or law, although it can be used more broadly ("I find you guilty" is technically a specific issue of law, but is often expressed using 'fallo' in Spanish). 'I've made a finding regarding removability', therefore, might more appropriately be a 'decisión', although 'the prebious IJ's finding regarding removability' could easily be 'el fallo del juez de lo migratorio previo en cuanto a la expulsabilidad' would also be appropriate.
English: opinion
Spanish: auto
Definition (English):A court's written statement explaining its decision in a given case, usu. including the statement of facts, points of law, rationale, and dicta. - Abbr. op. - Also termed judicial opinion. See DECISION. Cf. JUDGMENT (1); RULING(l).
Definition (Spanish):Proc. Resolución judicial motivada, estructurada con la debida separación de hechos, fundamentos y parte dispositiva, que decide los recursos interpuestos contra providencias o decretos, las cuestiones incidentales, los presupuestos procesales, la nulidad del procedimiento, así como los demás casos previstos en la ley.
Comments:In the first instance context; see 'opinion' under second instance for more. Note that definitions for different types of 'opinions' cover a full two pages of Black's.
English: sentence
Spanish: (noun) pena, condena; (verb) condenar (adj "sentencing") imposición de la pena, condena
Definition (English):The judgment that a court formally pronounces after finding a criminal defendant guilty; the punishment imposed on a criminal wrongdoer <a sentence of 20 years in prison>. See Fed. R. Crim. P. 32. Also termed judgment ofconviction. [Cases: Sentencing and Punishment ~1001.]
Definition (Spanish):(pena) 1. Pen. Consecuencia que el legislador asocia en la ley penal a la comisión de una infracción penal. 2. Pen. Privación o restricción de bienes o derechos impuesta por un órgano jurisdiccional a un sujeto culpable como consecuencia de la comisión de una infracción penal. 3. Pen. Clase de consecuencia jurídica o sanción que junto con el precepto o presupuesto conforma la norma penal. (condena) Pen. Efecto de condenar. Condenar. Pen. Imponer al culpable la pena correspondiente a la infracción penal cometida.
Comments:Note that definitions for different types of 'sentences' cover a full page of Black's.
English: verdict
Spanish: veredicto
Definition (English):1. A jury's finding or decision on the factual issues of a case. [Cases: Criminal Law (:::::> 870-894; Federal Civil Procedure (:::::>2191; Trial ~ 318.] 2. Loosely, in a nonjury trial, a judge's resolution of the issues of a case. [Cases: Federal Civil Procedure (:::::>2251; Trial ~387.]
Definition (Spanish):1. Proc. Pronunciamiento del jurado que se produce una vez concluido el juicio oral, después de producidos los informes y oídos los acusados sobre diversos extremos fijados legalmente entre los que destacan los hechos y su valoración, y la culpabilidad o no del acusado. Se presenta por el juez para que, tras la correspondiente deliberación y alcanzando las mayorías previstas en la ley, se transcriba en el acta correspondiente y se lea en audiencia pública. 2. Pen. Decisión del jurado en la que este declara como probado o no probado cada uno de los hechos que le ha planteado el magistrado-presidente y, con base en ello, declara la culpabilidad o inculpabilidad del acusado respecto del delito que se le imputaba. Se hará constar por escrito en el acta correspondiente y se leerá en audiencia pública.
Comments:Black's second definition of this term, including the use of the words 'loosely' and 'resolution', is notable. Note that definitions for different types of 'verdicts' cover a page and a half of Black's.
English: order
Spanish: orden
Definition (English):A command, direction, or instruction. See MA::-;DATE (1). 2. A written direction or command delivered by a court or judge.• The word generally embraces final decrees as well as interlocutory directions or commands. - Also termed court order:]udicial order. See MANDAMUS. [Cases: Federal Civil Procedure Motions C::>46.J "An order is the mandate or determination of the court upon some subsidiary or collateral matter arising in an action, not disposing of the merits, but adjudicating a preliminary point or directing some step in the proceedings." 1 Henry Campbell Black, A Treatise on the Law ofJudgments § 1, at 5 (2d ed. 1902). "While an order may under some circumstances amount to ajudgment, they must be distinguished, owing to the different consequences flowing from them, not only in the matter of enforcement and appeal but in other respects, as, for instance, the time within which proceedings to annul them must be taken. Rulings on motions are ordinarily orders rather than judgments. The class of judgments and of decrees formerly called interlocutory is included in the definition given in [modern codes] of the word 'order.'''
Definition (Spanish):1. Gral. Forma que revisten algunas decisiones administrativas, como las dictadas por un ministro o un consejero autonomico. 2. Gral. Relación de asuntos. 3. Gral. Mandato dictado por una autoridad judicial o administrativa. 4. Preferencia, preeminencia, jerarquía. (Acepciones 5 y 6 tienen que ver con usos militares y bursátiles).
Comments:Note that definitions for different types of 'orders' cover more than two pages of Black's.
English: judgment
Spanish: sentencia, resolución judicial
Definition (English):1. A court's final determination of the rights and obligations of the parties in a case .• The term judgment includes an equitable decree and any order from which an appeal lies. Fed. R. Civ. P. 54. Also spelled (esp. in BrE) judgement. - Abbr. 1. - Also termed (historically) judgment ex cathedra. Cf. RULING (1); OPINION (1). [Cases: Federal Civil Procedure 2391-2628; Judgment C=o1.] 2. English law. An opinion delivered by a member of the appellate committee of the House of Lords; a Law Lord's judicial opinion. Also termed (in sense 2) speech.
Definition (Spanish):Proc. Resolución que decide definitivamente el pleito o causa en cualquier instancia o recurso, o que, según las leyes procesales, debe revestir esta forma.
Comments:judgment' may be differentiated from 'ruling' and 'finding' in that 'judment' would refer to the resolution of an entire case, and not any of the issues of fact or law piecemeal within the case.
English: ruling
Spanish: decisión, fallo, resolución judicial
Definition (English):ruling, n. (16c) 1. The outcome of a court's decision either on some point oflaw or on the case as a whole. Also termed legal ruling. Cf. JUDGMENT (1); OPINION (1). [Cases: Courts C:";)88.] "A distinction is sometimes made between rules and rulings. Whether or not a formal distinction is declared, in common usage 'legal ruling' (or simply 'ruling') is a term ordinarily used to signify the outcome of applying a legal test when that outcome is one of relatively narrow impact. The immediate effect is to decide an issue in a single case. This meaning contrasts, for example, with the usual meaning of 'legal rule' (or simply 'rule'). The term 'rule' ordinarily refers to a legal proposition of general application. A 'ruling' may have force as precedent, but ordinarily it has that force because the conclusion it expresses (for example, 'objection sustained') explicitly depends upon and implicitly reiterates a 'rule' a legal proposition of more general application ...." Robert E. Keeton, Judging 67-68 (1990). 2. Parliamentary law. The chair's decision on a point of order. rule, vb.
Definition (Spanish):—
Comments:For our purposes, 'finding' and 'ruling' should be considered synonyms. See 'finding' for more.
English: resolution
Spanish: resolución
Definition (English):1. Parliamentary law. A main motion that formally expresses the sense, will, or action of a deliberative assembly (esp. a legislative body). - A resolution is a highly formal kind of main motion, often containing a preamble, and one or more resolving clauses in the form, "Resolved, That ...." 2. Formal action by a corporate board of directors or other corporate body authorizing a particular act, transaction, or appointment. - Also termed corporate resolution. 3. A document containing such an expression or authorization.
Definition (Spanish):2. Int. púb. Acto adoptado por una organización internacional, vinculante o no, según las normas constitutivas de cada organización y según los términos del acto en particular. Véase también 'disposition'.
Comments:—
English: disposition
Spanish: resolución; resolución judicial
Definition (English):2. A final settlement or determination <the court's disposition of the case>.
Definition (Spanish):(resolución judicial) Proc. Acto de decisión de un juez o de un tribunal, consistente en la aplicación mediante una operación lógica del derecho objetivo (material o procesal) a una condición de hecho que previamente se considera dada. (resolución) 1. Gral. Decisión, acuerdo, acto administrativo, instrucción, providencia, auto o fallo de autoridad gubernativa o judicial. 2. Int. púb. Acto adoptado por una organización internacional, vinculante o no, según las normas constitutivas de cada organización y según los términos del acto en particular. 3. Gral. Acción de resolver.
Comments:—
English: writ
Spanish: mandamiento, orden
Definition (English):A court's written order, in the name of a state or other competent legal authority, commanding the addressee to do or refrain from doing some specified act. [Cases: Injunction (;=202.] "[W]rits have a long history. We can trace their formal origin to the Anglo-Saxon formulae by which the king used to communicate his pleasure to persons and courts. The Anglo-Norman writs, which we meet with after the Conquest, are substantially the Anglo-Saxon writs turned into Latin. But what is new is the much greater use made of them, owing to the increase of royal power which came with the Conquest." W.S. Holdsworth, Sources and Literature of English Law 20 (1925).
Definition (Spanish):(mandamiento) 1. Pen. Acto de comunicación por el que el órgano judicial ordena la práctica de algún acto o diligencia a sujetos determinados. "Para ordenar el libramiento de certificación o testimonio y la práctica de cualquier diligencia judicial, cuya ejecución corresponda a registradores de la propiedad, notarios, auxiliares o subalternos de juzgados o tribunales y funcionarios de policía judicial que estén a las órdenes de los mismos, se empleará la forma de mandamiento" (LECrim, art. 186) 2. Proc. Forma que adopta la petición de un órgano judicial a otro de grado inferior para que ejecute una diligencia judicial. (orden) 1. Gral. Forma que revisten algunas decisiones administrativas, como las dictadas por un ministro o un consejero autonomico. 2. Gral. Relación de asuntos. 3. Gral. Mandato dictado por una autoridad judicial o administrativa. 4. Preferencia, preeminencia, jerarquía. (Acepciones 5 y 6 tienen que ver con usos militares y bursátiles).
Comments:—
English: affirm
Spanish: declarar firme (la resolución recurrida o apelada), declarar haber lugar
Definition (English):1. To confirm (a judgment) on appeal. • Sometimes, the verb is used without a direct object <We affirm>. The equivalent expression in British English is to deny the appeal. [Cases: Appeal and Error ~ 1124-1145; Criminal Law ~ll82; Federal Courts 926.] 2. To solemnly declare rather than swear under oath. 3. To testify or declare by affirmation.
Definition (Spanish):(sentencia firme) Adm. Sentencia contra la que no cabe interponer recurso alguno, bien por no preverlo la ley, bien porque, estando previsto, ha transcurrido el plazo legalmente fijado sin que ninguna de las partes lo haya presentado.
Comments:Excellent explanations here: https://www.iberley.es/temas/recurso-apelacion-orden-civil-54181
English: binding
Spanish: vinculante
Definition (English):1. (Of an agreement) having legal force <a binding contract>. 2. (Of an order) requiring obedience <the temporary injunction was binding on the parties>. binding authority. 1. See binding precedent under PRECEDENT. binding precedent. (I7c) A precedent that a court must follow.• For example, a lower court is bound by an applicable holding of a higher court in the same jurisdiction. - Also termed authoritative precedent; binding authority. Cf. imperative authority under AUTHORITY (4). [Cases: CourtsC--:::>88, 107.) 2. See imperative authority under AUTHORITY imperative authority. Authority that is absolutely binding on a court. - Also termed binding authority. Cf. binding precedent under PRECEDENT.
Definition (Spanish):Gral. Que es de acatamiento obligatorio.
Comments:—
English: brief
Spanish: escrito
Definition (English):1. A written statement setting out the legal contentions of a party in litigation, esp. on appeal; a document prepared by counsel as the basis for arguing a case, consisting oflegal and factual arguments and the authorities in support of them. Also termed legal brief; brief of argument.
Definition (Spanish):1. Gral. Documento escrito. 2. Proc. Escrito de parte procesal para formalizar demanda, contestación, recurso, etc. 3. Adm. Documento por medio del cual alguien se dirige formalmente a la Administración, ya sea para formular una solicitud, interponer un recurso administrativo o formalizar cualquier trámite para el que haya sido emplazado y deba realizarse por escrito.
Comments:Note that definitions for different types of 'briefs' cover a full page of Black's.
English: dismiss (an appeal)
Spanish: desestimar
Definition (English):dismiss, vb. 1. To send (something) away; specif., to terminate (an action or claim) without further hearing, esp. before the trial ofthe issues involved. 2. To release or discharge (a person) from employment. See DISMISSAL.
Definition (Spanish):Adm. Y Proc. Denegar una pretensión mediante sentencia u otra resolución judicial o administrativa.
Comments:Note the difference between 'desestimar' and 'sobreseimiento' as per the DEJ of the RAE: 'desestimar' appears to imply a finding or decision, whereas 'sobreseimiento', explicitly, no produce efectos de cosa juzgada. This loops back into conversations surrounding with prejudice or without prejudice.
English: —
Spanish: sobreseimiento
Definition (English):—
Definition (Spanish):Proc. Terminación anormal del proceso que conlleva la conclusión eventual del mismo y el archivo de las actuaciones. No produce efectos de cosa juzgada.
Comments:—
English: summary judgement, summary dismissal
Spanish: desestimación anticipada
Definition (English):summary judgment. (18c) A judgment granted on a claim or defense about which there is no genuine issue ofmaterial fact and upon which the movant is entitled to prevail as a matter oflaw .• The court considers the contents of the pleadings, the motions, and additional evidence adduced by the parties to determine whether there is a genuine issue of material fact rather than one of law. This procedural device allows the speedy disposition ofa controversy without the need for trial. Fed. R. Civ. P. 56. Also termed summary disposition; judgment on the pleadings. See JUDGMENT.
Definition (Spanish):—
Comments:When an appeal is filed, opposing counsel generally files a motion for dismissal. This is, in many contexts, often referred to as a 'motion for summary judgment', and is often brought during trial, after a party has rested, as a way of pre-empting the remainder of the trial and asking the Judge to make a finding that said party has been unable to sustain their burden. A motion for summary dismissal is slightly different, in that it is made at the very beginning of a process (generally civil, administrative, or appellate), one could say before the process has already begun, and asks the appellate authorities to throw the case out due to legal or factual insufficiency. This is similar, but distinct in an important way, from a process that in Spanish is known as 'inadmisión a trámite'. In Spanish-language jurisdictions, commonly there is someone who has the authority (often a secretario judicial) and responsibility of deciding whether a case is admitted, or not, to the judicial process; this person makes a prima facie decision regarding jurisdiction and legal sufficiency, and either lo admite a trámite or lo inadmita a trámite. However, there is a fundamental difference here, because the person making the decision is the judicial authority itself, it is Court staff making a unilateral decision; a summary dismissal is action taken by the Court at the behest of counsel, already within the adversarial framework.
English: injunction
Spanish: orden, mandamiento
Definition (English):injunction (in-j3ngk-sh.m), n. (16c) A court order commanding or preventing an action. - To get an injunction, the complainant must show that there is no plain, adequate, and complete remedy at law and that an irreparable injury will result unless the relief is granted. - Also termed writ ofinjunction. See IRREPARABLE- INJURY RULE. [Cases: Injunction C;:::" 1.1 "In a general sense, every order of a court which commands or forbids is an injunction; but in its accepted legal sense, an injunction is ajudicial process or mandate operating in personam by which, upon certain established principles of equity, a party is required to do or refrain from doing a particular thing. An injunction has also been defined as a writ framed according to the circumstances of the case, commanding an act which the court regards as essential to justice, or restraining an act which it esteems contrary to equity and good conscience; as a remedial writ which courts issue for the purpose of enforcing their equity jurisdiction; and as a writ issuing by the order and under the seal of a court of equity." 1 Howard C. Joyce. A Treatise on the Law Relating to Injunctions § 1, at 2-3 (1909).
Definition (Spanish):(mandamiento) 1. Pen. Acto de comunicación por el que el órgano judicial ordena la práctica de algún acto o diligencia a sujetos determinados. "Para ordenar el libramiento de certificación o testimonio y la práctica de cualquier diligencia judicial, cuya ejecución corresponda a registradores de la propiedad, notarios, auxiliares o subalternos de juzgados o tribunales y funcionarios de policía judicial que estén a las órdenes de los mismos, se empleará la forma de mandamiento" (LECrim, art. 186) 2. Proc. Forma que adopta la petición de un órgano judicial a otro de grado inferior para que ejecute una diligencia judicial. (orden) 1. Gral. Forma que revisten algunas decisiones administrativas, como las dictadas por un ministro o un consejero autonomico. 2. Gral. Relación de asuntos. 3. Gral. Mandato dictado por una autoridad judicial o administrativa. 4. Preferencia, preeminencia, jerarquía. (Acepciones 5 y 6 tienen que ver con usos militares y bursátiles).
Comments:See 'writ'.
English: overrule
Spanish: (objections) no dar lugar; (overrule a decision on appeal) anular, revocar
Definition (English):1. To rule against; to reject <the judge overruled all of the defendant's objections>. 2. (Of a court) to overturn or set aside (a precedent) by expressly deciding that it should no longer be controlling law <in Brown v. Board ofEducation, the Supreme Court overruled Plessy v. Ferguson>. Cf. VACATE (1). [Cases: Courts (;=> 100(1).] "If a decision is not a recent one, and especially if it seems to be very poor, it should not be relied upon without ascertaining whether it may not have been expressly or impliedly overruled by some subsequent one; that is, whether the court may not have laid down a contrary principle in a later case." Frank Hall Childs, Where and How to Find the Law 94 (1922). "Overruling is an act of superior jurisdiction. A precedent overruled is definitely and formally deprived of all authority. It becomes null and void, like a repealed statute, and a new principle is authoritatively substituted for the old." John Salmond, Jurisprudence 189 (Glanville L. Williams ed., 10th ed. 1947).
Definition (Spanish):(revocación) Gral. Acto jurídico por el que se deja sin efecto una declaración unilateral anterior del mismo órgano o entidad. (anular) Gral. Declarar la nulidad de un acto, contrato, disposicón, documento o resolución judicial.
Comments:The terms 'uphold' and 'overrule' are a semantic pair that are used in several contexts within the legal world. One context is that of objections during a jury trial; in Spanish, these would be 'dar lugar' and 'no dar lugar', respectively. The appeals process, however, is a completely different context.
English: overturn
Spanish: anular, revocar
Definition (English):overturn, vb. (1842) To overrule or reverse <the court overturned a long-established precedent>.
Definition (Spanish):(revocación) Gral. Acto jurídico por el que se deja sin efecto una declaración unilateral anterior del mismo órgano o entidad. (anular) Gral. Declarar la nulidad de un acto, contrato, disposicón, documento o resolución judicial.
Comments:It would seem that 'overturn' is a synonym of meaning No. 2 of 'overrule'. http://www.enciclopedia-juridica.com/d/revocaci%C3%B3n/revocaci%C3%B3n.htm
English: prevail
Spanish: prosperar
Definition (English):1. To obtain the relief sought in an action; to win a lawsuit <the plaintiff prevailed in the Supreme Court>. 2. To be commonly accepted or predominant <it's unclear which line of precedent will prevail>.
Definition (Spanish):Gral. Continuar una cosa que ha empezado. "El quebrantamiento de forma que se denuncia el primer motivo [...] no puede prosperar por las razones que seguidamente se expresan"
Comments:—
English: remand
Spanish: (1) retrotraer; (2) remitir
Definition (English):1. To send (a case or claim) back to the court or tribunal from which it came for some further action <the appellate court reversed the trial court's opinion and remanded the case for new trial>. Cf. REMOVAL (2). [Cases: Administrative Law and Procedure (;::::::>817; Appeal and Error 1106,1178, 1186; Criminal Law c?1181.5; Federal Courts (;:::;'937, 943; Removal of Cases C-:> 107(8).) 2. To recommit (an accused person) to custody after a preliminary examination <the magistrate, after denying bail, remanded the defendant to custody>.
Definition (Spanish):—
Comments:—
English: reverse
Spanish: revocar
Definition (English):To overturn (a judgment) on appeal. • Sometimes, the verb is used without a direct object <We reverse>. The equivalent expression in British English is to allow the appeal. [Cases: Appeal and Error ~ 1156-1180; Criminal Law (1187; Federal Courts 932.]
Definition (Spanish):—
Comments:—
English: opinion*
Spanish: sentencia
Definition (English):The decision issued by the Supreme Court of the United States; as such, a dispositive appellate decision, as opposed to the sentence in a first-instance criminal matter.
Definition (Spanish):La decisión emitida por el Tribunal Supremo de España, pues, una decisión resolutoria de segunda instancia.
Comments:—
English: stand, standing, (a decision) stands
Spanish: ser firme
Definition (English):Garner's: " = to remain good law. E.g., "Amanda Acquisition Corp. . . . Claimed that the statute was unconstitutional and that if it were allowed to stand, the company's offer would be doomed."
Definition (Spanish):—
Comments:—
English: uphold
Spanish: (objections) dar lugar a; (uphold an appeal) declarar firme (la resolución recurrida o apelada), declarar haber lugar
Definition (English):—
Definition (Spanish):(sentencia firme) Adm. Sentencia contra la que no cabe interponer recurso alguno, bien por no preverlo la ley, bien porque, estando previsto, ha transcurrido el plazo legalmente fijado sin que ninguna de las partes lo haya presentado.
Comments:"Por todo ello debemos declarar haber lugar al recurso de casación interpuesto por…", STS_1257_2020.
English: vacate
Spanish: declarar la nulidad
Definition (English):1. To nullify or cancel; make void; invalidate <the court vacated the judgment>. Cf. OVERRULE. 2. To surrender occupancy or possession; to move out or leave <the tenant vacated the premises>.
Definition (Spanish):(nulidad) 1. Gral. Invalidez. 2. Gral. Invalidez, declarada por el órgano competente, de un acto, contrato, resolución o procedimiento, por concurrir alguna de las causas establecidas en las leyes. Puede declararse de oficio, es impresciptible e insusceptible de convalidación o sanación. 3. Gral. Condición o vicio esencial de un acto, contrato, resolución o procedimiento, que determina que pueda instarse contra él y prosperar una acción de nulidad. 4. Can. falta de idoneidad del acto para producir los efectos jurídicos pretendidos en su manifestación. La nulidad comporta el grado más alto de ineficacia jurídica, pues la ineficacia procede del mismo acto. Este es nulo no solo cuando carece de un elemento esencial del acto humano o cuando ha sido expresamente sancionado con la nulidad por falta de requisitos formales previstos ad validatem, sino también cuando falta algún elemento esencial del tipo de acto de que se trata.
Comments:—
English: (non-legal, general) opinion, report
Spanish: opinión
Definition (English):—
Definition (Spanish):1. Gral. Juicio, valoración respecto de algo o alguien. 2. Gral. Dictamen, informe, nota.
Comments:—
English: mandate
Spanish: mandato
Definition (English):—
Definition (Spanish):1. Can. y Civ. Representación, contrato por el que se obliga una persona (mandatario) a prestar algún servicio o hacer alguna cosa por cuenta o encargo de otra (mandante). 2. Gral. Mandamiento, obligación establecida en una disposición o instrucción. 3. Gral. Cargo para el que se es designado durante un tiempo determinado. 4. Int. Pub. Régimen jurídico establecido en el artículo 22 del Pacto de la Sociedad de Naciones por el que se confiaba la tutela de las colonias que hasta entonces pertenecían al Imperio alemán o al otomano a una potencia aliada para que asegurase su bienestar y su desarrollo, tareas que se calificaban como una misión sagrada de civilización. 5. Representación de las personas físicas para llevar a cabo la realización de una encomienda o encargo. 6. Mando o mandamiento.
Comments:—
English: expert opinion, report
Spanish: dictamen; opinión, informe pericial
Definition (English):—
Definition (Spanish):(dictamen) 1. Gral. Informe elaborado por técnicos en una determinada materia que actúan como peritos en un proceso. 2. Adm. Informes emitidos por el Consejo de Estado y otros órganos consultivos. 3. Eur. Acto jurídico no vinculante emanado de las instituciones de la UE que contiene generalmente una opinión o valoración sobre situaciones o conductas. 4. Eur. Decisión del Tribunal de Justicia de la UE sobre la compatibilidad de un tratado con el derecho originario de la UE, emitido con anterioridad a la manifestación del consentimiento de la Unión en obligarse por el tratado. En caso de ser negativo, impide la celebración del tratado. 5. Can. Opinión, juicio o valoración técnica que se emite para la posterior emisión de un acto jurídico.
Comments:—
English: Fraud
Spanish: Engaño
Definition (English):The act of fraudulently making a false document or altering a real one to be used as if genuine (Black's, p. 750)
Definition (Spanish):—
Comments:—
English: Forgery
Spanish: Estafa
Definition (English):—
Definition (Spanish):—
Comments:—
English: Falsification
Spanish: Fraude; falsificación, falsedad documental
Definition (English):—
Definition (Spanish):—
Comments:"A knowing misrepresentation of the truth or concealment of a material fact to induce another to act to his or her detriment." That said, 'falsification' is often a criminal charge that comes up during EOIR proceedings, relating to someone producing a document (birth certificate, ID, SSN, etc) that is less than legitimate.
English: —
Spanish: Ardid
Definition (English):—
Definition (Spanish):"Gral. Medio empleado hábilmente para engañar o conseguir algo. "[...] tanto la Administración como la misma Sala de instancia coincidieron en apreciar que la solicitud de asilo aquí concernida no era más que un ardid fraudulento de D. Genaro para eludir o demorar la orden de expulsión que se había dictado contra él" (STS, 3a, 14
Comments:—
English: Scam
Spanish: —
Definition (English):—
Definition (Spanish):—
Comments:This concept is frequently expressed in Spanish as 'estafa'.
English: scheme
Spanish: —
Definition (English):scheme. (16c) 1. A systemic plan; a connected or orderly arrangement, esp. of related concepts <legislative scheme>. 2. An artful plot or plan, usu. to deceive others <a scheme to defraud creditors>. (Black's)
Definition (Spanish):—
Comments:—
English: A standard of proof, as per Black's: The degree or level of proof demanded in a specific case, such as "beyond a reasonable doubt" or "by a preponderance of the evidence." See BURDEN OF PERSUASION. This concept is so essential to the Anglo-Saxon understanding of law that it can be difficult to describe it, and to conceive of a judicial system without it. It could perhaps be described as the minimum level by which a case can be considered to be proven, based on the wording of the law (be it statutory or case law). When reading Spanish-language discussions of the concept, you will encounter the term umbral used to describe this idea: a "threshold for proof". While this concept does not exist as such in civil law countries, it is beginning to be imported, and is frequently described using a very literal phrasing, "estándar de prueba". See, notably, Los estándares de prueba en el proceso penal español, Jordi Ferrer Beltrán, Estándares probatorios en el sistema acusatorio y su desarrollo en Colombia, Claudia Edith Velandia Coy, Aplicación del estándar de prueba por los jueces promiscuos, autores varios.
Spanish: —
Definition (English):—
Definition (Spanish):—
Comments:—
English: Grounds
Spanish: indicios
Definition (English):ground, n. (usu. pl.) (13c) The reason or point that something (as a legal claim or argument) relies on for validity <grounds for divorce> <several grounds for appeal>. ground, vb. (14c) 1. To provide a basis for (something, such as a legal claim or argument) <the decision was grounded on public policy>. 2. To base (something, such as a legal principle or judicial decision) on <the court grounded the decision on common law> <strict liability is grounded on public policy>. In a study of some 120 pages of the ACNUR manual, the following formulations were found to express 'grounds': motivo, as in, the 'ennumerated grounds'; a causa de, debido a, por razones de and por razones fundadas. It would seem that, at least according to the ACNUR Manual, that 'grounds' is a specific term of art in the immigration/asylum context.
Definition (Spanish):1. Pen. Y Proc. Circunstancia que apunta a la existencia de un hecho probablemente delictivo ("indicios racionales de criminalidad") y justifica la incoación de la investigación, su continuación o la exigencia de prestación de fianza para asegurar responsabilidades pecunarias. LECrim, arts. 486 y 589. 2. Pen. Circunstancia que, en conjunción con otras, permite deducir razonadamente que se ha producido un determinado hecho e incluso tenerlo por probado. -DEJ Panhispanico
Comments:—
English: Cause
Spanish: Causa
Definition (English):—
Definition (Spanish):*CAUSA. A. En general. El motivo que nos mueve o la razón que nos inclina a hacer alguna cosa. También, el antecedente necesario que origina un efecto. Se habla asimismo de causa como fundamento por el cual adquirimos algún derecho y en este sentido se confunde a veces con el título. B. En Derecho Civil. La causa existe tanto en las obligaciones como en los contratos. Para algunos, es el fin esencial o más próximo que los contratantes se proponen al contratar. C. En Derecho Romano. Como variedad del Derecho Civil en general, resulta de interés señalar las diferentes acepciones que los romanistas le señalan a esta voz en las fuentes genuinas del mismo: a) motivo o razón personal de un acto jurídico, como metus causa (debido al miedo) o causa donandi (la causa de donar, por un favor recibido, para seducir, etc.); b) el fin directo e inmediato, como la tradición o entrega, por causa de venta, de pagos; c) acto jurídico o hecho que precede a un negocio jurídico, aunque este matiz no proceda de los jurisconsultos romanos antiguos; d) elemento accesorio, como la condición, el modo y el plazo en la obligación; e) litigio, proceso; f) negocio jurídico en general; g) situación de hecho que sirve de soporte a una relación jurídica conforme a su destino; como la causa dotis, permanente, lo mismo que las cargas matrimoniales a cuyo alivio está destinada. D. En Derecho Político. Causa significa el partido o los intereses que se sirven o con los cuales se simpatiza en una lucha electoral, parlamentaria, ciudadana; también, un bando en una guerra civil o internacional. E. En Derecho Procesal. Contienda judicial; esto es, todo asunto entre partes que se sigue y ventila contradictoriamente ante un tribunal, en la forma establecida por las leyes, hasta su resolución definitiva. Expediente o proceso que se forma para la substanciación del negocio o cuerpo mismo de los autos. CIVIL. Litigio ante la jurisdicción ordinaria. CRIMINAL. Juicio ante la jurisdicción penal, para averiguación de los delitos y de sus autores, y aplicar la decisión legal pertinente. ILICITA. La contraria a las leyes, a la moral o al orden público. LICITA. La ajustada a las leyes, a la moral y al orden público; o, al menos, no prohibida por tales normas. LUCRATIVA. La que posee por título la liberalidad o la beneficencia. NULA. La que no surte efectos positivos en Derecho, porque vicia el acto esencialmente y lo condena a la ineficacia; salvo confumación o prescripción de la acción contra el mismo. La causa ilícita contra el orden público y la falsa anulan los negocios jurídicos en que se dan y, más realistamente, donde se descubren y se aducen contra su validez. PROPIA. El derecho, interés o deseo de uno. (v. Nombre.propio [En].) PUBLICA. La utilidad o el bien general. El interés de la patria. La conveniencia de los más sin olvido de los menos. SIMULADA. La presentada como verdadera por las partes, sin tener en sí existencia real.
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English: —
Spanish: fundamento juridico
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Definition (Spanish):(Ossorio) Fundamento jurídico Base sobre la que estriba el Derecho, la razón principal y motivo último en que asienta, afianza y asegura el mundo jurídico social (Herrera Figueroa).
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English: Basis, bases
Spanish: fundamento
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Comments:ACNUR, 'fundamento', p. 87
English: Indicia
Spanish: Indicios
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Definition (Spanish):En el procedimiento criminal se llaman indicios, modo que conduzcan lógica y naturalmente al hecho de que se trata; que sean concordantes los unos con los otros de manera que tengan íntima conexión entre sí y se relacionen sin esfuerzo, desde el punto de partida hasta el fin buscado, y que se funden en hechos reales y probados, nunca en otras presunciones o indicios. Estos son los requisitos exigidos por la legislación predominante. y también presunciones, las circunstancias y antecedentes que, teniendo relación con el delito, pueden razonablemente fundar una opinión sobre hechos determinados. Así, pues, el indicio constituye un medio probatorio conocido como “prueba indiciaria”. Puede decirse que generalmente los indicios abren el camino a la investigación de los delitos. Unos muebles volcados, la posición de la víctima, la marca de un pie o una mano, la ceniza de un cigarro, un trozo de tela son elementos que, técnicamente examinados, pueden orientar sobre el posible móvil, el momento de la comisión y acerca del autor. Tienen, por lo tanto, un extraordinario valor en criminalística, y, unidos a otras pruebas, sirven al juzgador para establecer un juicio definitivo. A veces, los indicios hacen por sí solos plena prueba, siempre que el cuerpo del delito conste por pruebas directas e inmediatas; que sean varios, reuniendo, cuando menos, el carácter de anteriores al hecho y concomitantes con él; que se relacionen con el hecho primordial que debe servir de punto de partida para la conclusión que se busca; que sean directos, de modo que conduzcan lógica y naturalmente al hecho de que se trata; que sean concordantes los unos con los otros de manera que tengan íntima conexión entre sí y se relacionen sin esfuerzo, desde el punto de partida hasta el fin buscado, y que se funden en hechos reales y probados, nunca en otras presunciones o indicios. Estos son los requisitos exigidos por la legislación predominante.
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English: Evidence
Spanish: Pruebas
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English: Proof
Spanish: comprobante, prueba
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English: Probable cause
Spanish: Motivo fundado
Definition (English):1. Criminal law. A reasonable ground to suspect that a person has committed or is committing a crime or that a place contains specific items connected with a crime.• Under the Fourth Amendment, probable cause - which amounts to more than a bare suspicion but less than evidence that would justify a conviction must be shown before an arrest warrant or search warrant may be issued. Also termed reasonable cause; sufficient cause; reasonable grounds; reasonable excuse Cf. reasonable suspicion under SUSPICION. [Cases: Arrest C=>63.4(2).] "Probable cause may not be established simply by showing that the officer who made the challenged arrest or search subjectively believed he had grounds for his action. As emphasized in Beck v. Ohio [379 U.S. 89, 85 S.Ct. 223 (1964)J: 'If subjective good faith alone were the test, the protection of the Fourth Amendment would evaporate, and the people would be "secure in their persons, houses, papers, and effects" only in the discretion of the police.' The probable cause test, then, is an objective one; for there to be probable cause, the facts must be such as would warrant a belief by a reasonable man." Wayne R. LaFave & Jerold H. Israel. Criminal Procedure § 3.3, at 140 (2d ed.1992). 2. Torts. A reasonable belief in the existence of facts on which a claim is based and in the legal validity of the claim itself.• In this sense, probable cause is usu. assessed as of the time when the claimant brings the claim (as by filing suit). 3. A reasonable basis to support issuance of an administrative warrant based on either (1) specific evidence of an existing violation of administrative rules, or (2) evidence showing that a particular business meets the legislative or administrative standards permitting an inspection ofthe business premises. [Cases: Searches and Seizures ~129.]
Definition (Spanish):See excellent discussion by John Zuluaga, De los motivos "fundados" para la afectación de derechos fundamentales en el proceso penal colombiano Nuevo Foro Penal No. 83, julio-diciembre 2014, Universidad EAFIT
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English: Reason to believe
Spanish: razón, motivo para creer
Definition (English):Black's: reasonably believe. To believe (a given fact or combination of facts) under circumstances in which a reasonable person would believe.
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English: Merit(s)
Spanish: Mérito(s)
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Spanish: Fondo
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English: Best of your knowledge
Spanish: A su leal saber y entender
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English: ennumerated grounds (for asylum)
Spanish: motivo, motivos
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Comments:As per UNHCR Handbook on Procedures, pp. 21 b) 53, 22 d) 59, 23 b) 69
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Spanish: evidencia
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English: bear the burden
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English: evidence of equal probative weight
Spanish: pruebas que tienen un peso probativo igual
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Comments:"Where the evidence is of equal probative weight, the party having the burden of proof cannot prevail." The Shifting Burdens of Immigration Law, p. 6
English: it should be granted in exercise of discretion
Spanish: se debe de conceder en el ejercicio de la discreción
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Comments:The Shifting Burdens of Immigration Law, p. 6
English: presumed to have a well-founded fear of persecution on the basis of the original claim
Spanish: se le presumirá tener un temor fundado de la persecución basado en las pretensiones, la solicitud original
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Comments:The Shifting Burdens of Immigration Law, p. 8
English: it shall be presumed that internal relocation would not be reasonable
Spanish: se presumirá que la reubicación dentro del país no sería razonable
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Comments:presumption of unreasonableness of internal relocation due to government or government-sponsored persecution, The Shifting Burdens of Immigration Law, p. 9
English: it shall be presumed that the applicant's life or freedom would be threatened in the future in the country of removal on the basis of the original claim
Spanish: se presumirá que la vida o la libertad del solicitante se vería amenazada en el futuro en el país de expulsión basado en las pretensiones originales
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Comments:presumption of future persecution based on a finding of past persecution, The Shifting Burdens of Immigration Law, p. 10
English: beyond a reasonable doubt
Spanish: mas allá de toda duda razonable
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Comments:http://www.secretariasenado.gov.co/senado/basedoc/ley_0906_2004.html http://hj.tribunalconstitucional.es/es-ES/Resolucion/Show/4818
English: clear and convincing evidence
Spanish: pruebas claras y convincentes
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Comments:various standards throughout immigration proceedings
English: clear, unequivocal, and convincing evidence
Spanish: pruebas claras, inequívocas y convincentes
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Comments:various standards throughout immigration proceedings
English: give rise to a rebuttable presumption
Spanish: dar lugar a una presunción refutable
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Comments:various standards throughout immigration proceedings
English: to substantiate a claim
Spanish: sustentar, fundamentar una pretensión, solicitud
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Comments:Various standards throughout immigration proceedings. See discussions in general terms list regarding 'claim' vs 'application'.
English: preponderance of credible evidence
Spanish: una preponderancia de prueba, evidencia creíble
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Comments:alien's burden to prove a claim to US citizenship; The Shifting Burdens of Immigration Law, p. 2
English: reasonable, substantial, and probative evidence
Spanish: pruebas razonables, considerables y probatorias
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Comments:standard for deportability, The Shifting Burdens of Immigration Law, p. 3
English: highly probably true
Spanish: con alto grado de certeza
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Comments:BIA's description of clear and convincing evidence, The Shifting Burdens of Immigration Law, p.3
English: clearly and beyond a doubt
Spanish: claramente y sin lugar a duda
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Comments:alien's burden to prove admissibility, The Shifting Burdens of Immigration Law, p. 3
English: without reasonable cause
Spanish: sin motivo razonable
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Comments:standard for proceeding in absentia, The Shifting Burdens of Immigration Law, p. 5
English: to the satisfaction of the Attorney General
Spanish: a la satisfacción del Procurador, Fiscal General
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Comments:standard for alien to prove they are not subject to exclusion under the Act, The Shifting Burdens of Immigration Law, p. 5. See discussion under 'Attorney General' in general terms list.
English: applicant has a "colorable" claim to status
Spanish: el, la solicitante tiene derecho aparente, parece tener derecho a una condición migratoria legal
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Comments:Exception to the alien bearing the burden of proof that they are not subject to exclusion, The Shifting Burdens of Immigration Law, p. 5.
English: strict and exact
Spanish: estricto y exacto
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Comments:Government's burden to prove expatriation, The Shifting Burdens of Immigration Law, p.6
English: preponderance of the evidence
Spanish: preponderancia de la prueba
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Comments:In general, the standard for "...a petitioner or applicant to prove that he or she is eligible for the benefit sought". The Shifting Burdens of Immigration Law, p.6
English: demonstrate that the applicant's claim is "probably true"
Spanish: demostrar que la solicitud, las pretensiones del (la) solicitante es (son) "probablemente verdadera(s)"
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Comments:Matter of Chawathe, 25 I&N Dec. 369 (AAO 2010), definition of the "preponderance of the evidence" standard. The Shifting Burdens of Immigration Law, p. 7
English: credible, is persuasive, and refers to specific facts
Spanish: creíble, es persuasiva, y hace referencia a hechos específicos
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Comments:REAL ID standard to determine whether the applicant's testimony has satisfied burden of proof. Also, the standard as per REAL ID to establish refugee status through testimony alone. The Shifting Burdens of Immigration Law, p. 7
English: demonstrate(s) that the applicant does not have the evidence and cannot reasonably obtain the evidence
Spanish: demuestra(n) que el (la) solicitante no tiene las pruebas y no las podría conseguir de manera razonable
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Comments:REAL ID standard for the exception to provide corroborating evidence for otherwise credible testimony. The Shifting Burdens of Immigration Law, p. 7
English: To the satisfaction of the asylum officer, the immigration judge, or the Board that he or she qualifies for an exception to the 1-year deadline based on changed circumstances or extraordinary circumstances.
Spanish: a la satisfacción del oficial de asilo, el juez de lo migratorio, o a la Junta que el o ella cumple con los requisitos para una excepción a la fecha límite de 1 año basado en circunstancias cambiadas o extraordinarias.
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Comments:8 CFR 1208.4(a)(2); Matter of F-P-R-, I&N Dec. 681 (BIA 2008), standard for proving an exception to the 1-year asylum filing rule. The Shifting Burdens of Immigration Law, p. 8
English: …a preponderance of the evidence a fundamental change in circumstances such that the applicant no longer has a well-founded fear of persecution or that the applicant could avoid future persecution by relocating to anoher part of the alien's country and, under all the circumstances, it would be reasonable to expect the applicant to do so.
Spanish: …una preponderancia de las pruebas que haya un cambio fundamental en las circunstancias tal que el o la solicitante ya no tenga temor fundado de la persecución o que el o la solicitante podría evitar pèrsecución en el futuro al reubicarse a otra parte del país del extranjero y, tomando en cuenta todas las circunstanciass, sería razonable esperar que así lo haga el o la solicitante.
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Comments:Government's burden to rebut the presumption of a well-founded fear of future persecution, The Shifting Burdens of Immigration Law, p. 8
English: establish that the fear is well-founded
Spanish: demostrar, establecer que el temor está fundado
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Comments:applicant's burden in case the fear of future persecution is unrelated to past persecution, The Shifting Burdens of Immigration Law, p. 8
English: demonstrate compelling reasons for being unwilling or unable to return to the country arising out of the severity of the past persecution, or the application has established that there is a reasonable possibility that he or she may suffer other serious harm upon removal to that country.
Spanish: demostrar, establecer motivos convincentes por no estar dispuesto o capaz de volver al país que surjan de la severidad de la persecución en el pasado, o que el (la) solicitante ha establecido, demostrado que exista una posibilidad razonable que el o ella podría sufrir de otros daños graves al ser expulsado(a) a ese país.
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Comments:8 CFR 1208.13(b)(1)(iii), applicant's burden to overcome the Government's rebuttal of the presumption of well-founded fear, The Shifting Burdens of Immigration Law, p. 9. See 'compelling evidence' in general terms list.
English: establishing that it would not be reasonable for him or her to relocate, unless the persecution is by a government or is government-sponsored
Spanish: establecer, demostrar que no sería razonable que el o ella se reubicara dentro del país, salvo que la persecución la lleve a cabo un gobierno o por parte del gobierno
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Comments:applicant's burden to establish unreasonableness of internal relocation, unless there is past persecution or persecution is by a government or is government-sponsored, The Shifting Burdens of Immigration Law, p. 9
English: establish by a preponderance of the evidence that, under all the circumstances, it would be reasonable for the applicant to relocate
Spanish: establecer, demostrar, probar por medio de una preponderancia de la prueba que, al tomar en cuenta todas las circunstancias, sería razonable que el o la solicitante se reubíque dentro del país
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Comments:Government's burden to overcome presumption of unreasonableness of internal relocation in case of government or government-sponsored persecution. The Shifting Burdens of Immigration Law, p. 9
English: prove by a preponderance of the evidence that he or she did not so act
Spanish: probar por medio de una preponderancia de la prueba que el o ella no actuó de tal manera
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Comments:applicant's burden to overcome evidence indicating that a mandatory denial ground may apply; The Shifting Burdens of Immigration Law, p. 9
English: prove by a preponderance of the evidence that there has been a fundamental change in circumstances such that the applicant's life or freedom would not be threatened on a protected ground or that the applicant could avoid a future threat to his or her life or freedom by relocating to another part of the proposed country of removal and, under all the circumstances, it would be reasonable to expect the applicant to do so.
Spanish: probar por medio de una preponderancia de la prueba que ha habido un cambio fundamental en las circunstancias tal que la vida o libertad del solicitante o la solicitante no se vería amenazada basado en un criterio protegido por ley o que el o la solicitante podría evitar amenazas en el futuro contra su vida o libertad al reubicarse a otra parte del país propuesto para su expulsión y, tomando en cuenta todas las circunstancias, sería razonable esperar que así lo haga el o la solicitante.
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Comments:Government's burden to overcome presumption of future persecution based on a finding of past persecution, The Shifting Burdens of Immigration Law, p. 10
English: by a preponderance of the evidence that (1) there was fraud in the alien's asylum application and (2) the fraud was such that the alien was not eligible for asylum at the time it was granted
Spanish: por medio de una preponderancia de la prueba que (1) hubo fraude en la solicitud de asilo del extranjero y (2) el fraude fue tal que el extranjero no reunía los requisitos para el asilo en el momento en que se concedió
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Comments:DHS' burden in termination of a grant of asylum; The Shifting Burdens of Immigration Law, p. 10
English: the burden of proof is on the applicant for withholding of removal under the Convention Against Torture to establish that it is more likely than not that he or she would be tortured, if removed to the proposed country of removal.
Spanish: la carga de la prueba le incumbe a, recae sobre el o la solicitante de suspensión de la expulsión conforme con el Convenio contra la Tortura para establecer, probar que sea más probable que no que el o ella sería torturado/a, si es expulsado/a al propuesto país de expulsión.
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Comments:Applicant's burden to prove probability of torture under CAT; The Shifting Burdens of Immigration Law, p. 11
English: The burden of proof is on the applicant to establish by a preponderance of the evidence that he or she is eligible for suspension of deportation or special rule cancellation of removal and that discretion should be exercised to grant relief.
Spanish: La carga de la prueba le incumbe a, recae sobre el o la solicitante para probar, por medio de una preponderancia de la prueba, que el o ella reúna los requisitos para la suspensión de la deportación o cancelación de la expulsión según la regla especial y que se deba de ejercer la discreción para otorgar el amparo.
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Comments:Applicant's burden for Section 203 of NACARA; The Shifting Burdens of Immigration Law, p. 11
English: to establish that it is more likely than not that neither the applicant nor a qualified relative would suffer extreme hardship if the applicant were deported or removed from the United States.
Spanish: establecer, probar que sea más probable que no que ni el o la solicitante ni un familiar que reúna los requisitos sufriría adversidades, dificultades extremas si el o la solicitante fuera deportado/a o expulsado/a de los Estados Unidos.
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Comments:Government's burden to overcome presumption of qualified Salvadoran and Guatemalans' applications for Section 203 of NACARA
English: a heavy burden of showing new evidence would likely chang the result in the case; a reasonable likelihood of success on the merits
Spanish: una carga de la prueba pesada de demostrar que pruebas nuevas probablemente cambiarían el resultado del caso; una probabilidad razonable de éxito sobre los méritos del caso
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Comments:Alien's burden for a motion to reopen, depending on circumstances; The Shifting Burdens of Immigration Law, p. 14
English: establish to the satisfaction of the Immigration Judge that he or she does not present a danger to persons or property, is not a threat to national security, and does not pose a risk of flight.
Spanish: establecer, probar a la satisfacción del Juez de lo Migratorio que el o ella no represente un peligro a las personas o la propiedad, no representa una amenaza a la seguridad nacional, y no representa un riesgo de fuga.
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Comments:Standard for granting redetermination of custody, The Shifting Burdens of Immigration Law, p. 15
English: must also satisfy the Attorney General that he or she will not pose a danger to the safety of other persons or of property and is likely to appear for hearings.
Spanish: también debe probar a la satisfacción del Procurador, Fiscal General que el o ella no representará un peligro a la seguridad de otras personas o de la propiedad y tiene probabilidad de comparecer para sus audiencias.
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Comments:Alien's burden to prove an exception under section 236(c)(2), The Shifting Burdens of Immigration Law, p. 16
English: show that the Government was "substantially unlikely to establish" the charges that rendered the alien subject to mandatory detention.
Spanish: mostrar que para el Gobierno sería "bastante difícil probar" las imputaciones migratorias que hicieron que el extranjero fuera sujeto a detención obligatoria.
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Comments:Alien's burden to prove that they are not subject to mandatory detention under section 236(c)(1), The Shifting Burdens of Immigration Law, p. 16
English: battery or extreme cruelty
Spanish: golpes o crueldad extrema
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Comments:Special Rule 42B VAWA Cancellation
English: Country of Former Allegiance
Spanish: País de Previa Lealtad
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Comments:Consider the sexual or interpersonal relationship connotations of the term 'fidelidad', which would correspond more strictly to 'faithfulness'. 'Lealtad' may correspond more strictly to the English 'loyalty', but seems to be the closest to the mark in Spanish.
English: Duration of Status
Spanish: Duración, plazo de la condición, (Mex.) situación migratoria, visado
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English: Change (of status)
Spanish: Cambio (de condición, (Mex.) situación migratoria)
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Comments:In the US Immigration context, 'change of status' is when you go from one non-immigrant visa to another; for example, from a tourist visa to a student visa.
English: Adjustment
Spanish: Cambio (de condición, (Mex.) situación migratoria)
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Comments:In the US Immigration context, 'adjustment' is a process that always ends in becoming an LPR. This can happen a number of ways: going from undocumented to LPR (asylum, 42-B); TPS to LPR; student to LPR (marriage, etc).
English: Adjust status
Spanish: Regularizar
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English: Registry
Spanish: Registro
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Comments:This is a USCIS process through which a green card can be obtained; it is literally referred to as "Green Card Through Registry". It is very rare at this point, as the first requirement is that the applicant entered the US before January 1st, 1972. USCIS refers to it literally as 'Registro'. Given this background, a literal/general translation is recommended.
English: Out of Status
Spanish: Sin condición, (Mex.) situación migratoria (legal), irregular
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Comments:In the US Immigration context, 'out of status' is a phrase used to express that you are without valid legal immigration status. It's euphemistic and vague. It can be someone who is undocumented as well as someone who overstayed a visa, amongst other situations.
English: Undocumented
Spanish: Irregular, sin papeles
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Comments:There have been many battles fought over this term. For our purposes, 'undocumented' has a relatively limited meaning, which is that of someone who is present in the United States without legal permission, most often having entered without inspection.
English: In status
Spanish: Con condición, (Mex.) situación migratoria (legal)
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English: Status
Spanish: Condición, (Mex.) situación migratoria
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English: Acquired citizenship
Spanish: (ciudadanía) de orígen (Spain, Guat.), por nacimiento (Méx.)
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English: Derivative citizenship
Spanish: (ciudadanía) por naturalización (Méx., Guat.)
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English: Argumentative
Spanish: Argumentativa
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Comments:"Taller de Litigación Oral Básico", Fernando Ugaz Z., Ayacucho, diciembre 2013
English: More prejudicial than probative
Spanish: Pasión y Perjuicio
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Comments:"Taller de Litigación Oral Básico", Fernando Ugaz Z., Ayacucho, diciembre 2013
English: Counsel is testifying
Spanish: Dando Fe
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Comments:"Taller de Litigación Oral Básico", Fernando Ugaz Z., Ayacucho, diciembre 2013
English: Misrepresenting, mischaracterizing, misstating the law
Spanish: Declaración Equívoca de la Ley
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Comments:"Taller de Litigación Oral Básico", Fernando Ugaz Z., Ayacucho, diciembre 2013
English: leading question
Spanish: Pregunta capciosa, sugestiva
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Comments:As per Código Procesal Penal de Perú, Art. 170
English: Narrative response
Spanish: Respuesta Narrativa
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Comments:"Taller de Litigación Oral Básico", Fernando Ugaz Z., Ayacucho, diciembre 2013
English: Lack of Foundation - Question
Spanish: Falta de Fundamentación - Pregunta
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Comments:"Taller de Litigación Oral Básico", Fernando Ugaz Z., Ayacucho, diciembre 2013
English: Lack of Foundation - Expert Witness
Spanish: Falta de Fundamentación - Peritaje
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Comments:"Taller de Litigación Oral Básico", Fernando Ugaz Z., Ayacucho, diciembre 2013
English: Lack of Evidentiary Foundation
Spanish: Falta de Fundamentación Evidenciaria
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Comments:"Taller de Litigación Oral Básico", Fernando Ugaz Z., Ayacucho, diciembre 2013
English: Speculation
Spanish: Especulación
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Comments:"Taller de Litigación Oral Básico", Fernando Ugaz Z., Ayacucho, diciembre 2013
English: Question asked and answered
Spanish: Pregunta Ya Formulada y Contestada, pregunta repetida
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Comments:As per Código Procesal Penal de Perú, Art. 376
English: Relevance
Spanish: Relevancia
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Comments:"Taller de Litigación Oral Básico", Fernando Ugaz Z., Ayacucho, diciembre 2013
English: Beyond the scope
Spanish: Fuera del Alcance
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Comments:"Taller de Litigación Oral Básico", Fernando Ugaz Z., Ayacucho, diciembre 2013
English: Compound questions
Spanish: Pregunta Compuesta
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Comments:"Taller de Litigación Oral Básico", Fernando Ugaz Z., Ayacucho, diciembre 2013
English: Calls for a legal conclusion
Spanish: Cuestión Jurídica
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Comments:"Taller de Litigación Oral Básico", Fernando Ugaz Z., Ayacucho, diciembre 2013
English: Non-responsive answer
Spanish: Respuesta No Responsiva
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Comments:"Taller de Litigación Oral Básico", Fernando Ugaz Z., Ayacucho, diciembre 2013
English: Facts not in evidence
Spanish: Hechos No Comprobados
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Comments:"Taller de Litigación Oral Básico", Fernando Ugaz Z., Ayacucho, diciembre 2013
English: irrelevant question
Spanish: pregunta impertinente
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Comments:"Taller de Litigación Oral Básico", Fernando Ugaz Z., Ayacucho, diciembre 2013
English: Applicant
Spanish: Solicitante
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Comments:Asylum-only proceedings, withholding only proceedings, reasonable fear review proceedings, credible fear review proceedings
English: Petitioner
Spanish: Demandante
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Comments:Visa processes, I-130, businesses, VAWA claimants.
English: Respondent
Spanish: Compareciente
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Comments:I-240 proceedings only. An NTA must have been issued.
English: Claimant
Spanish: Querellante, demandante
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English: Entrant
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English: There is a wealth of criminal terminology in Spanish and in English relating to sex crimes, partially due to the fact that the criminality or non-criminality of certain acts has changed over time, and also due to changes in the way that societies, both Anglo and Hispanic, have decided to describe the crimes. Specifically, there has been a strong movement in the last half-century or so to make sex crimes less "morally" described (ofensas contra el honor, el pudor, p.ej.), and more clinically descriptive. This has led to the reclassification in many countries of sex crimes into either 'abuso' or 'agresión' (abuse/assuault). The differentiating factor between the two is, often, whether or not there was resistance on the part of the victim, or violence on the part of the aggressor. There were high-profile cases in Spain in 2019 which threw the inherent difficulty of this classification into relief, wherein women who were semi-conscious or unconscious due to drugs or alcohol, and therefore did not resist, were considered to be victims of abuse, rather than assault.
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English: Sexual assault
Spanish: Agresión sexual
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English: Sexual abuse
Spanish: Abuso sexual
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Comments:In some countries in South America, 'abuso sexual' refers to 'contacto sexual sin acceso carnal', which contrasts sharply with the above-discussed meaning.
English: Statutory rape
Spanish: Estupro
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Comments:The term 'estupro' is one which can be considered 'old-fashioned' or moralistic; however, it is still on the books in numerous countries, and is the closest possible approximation to the English. In general, in South America this refers to 'relaciones consensuales con un menor de 13-18 años'.
English: Rape
Spanish: Violación
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Comments:See above commentary.
English: Penetration
Spanish: Acceso carnal
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English: Gross sexual imposition (GSI)
Spanish: Agresión, abuso sexual
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Comments:This is a crime on the books in a few of the United States (Ohio, North Dakota…?) and, at least in Ohio, is very broadly written, such that many acts could constitute Gross Sexual Imposition. It is a lesser included in many more serious sexual crimes, including rape, and so is a popular option for plea bargains. If you are encountering it and are forced to translate or interpret it, it may behoove you to learn the facts of the case so that you may match the meaning of the actions to your translation, rather than a literal translation along the lines of 'imposición sexual'.
English: Foreign object penetration
Spanish: Acceso carnal con instrumentos, objetos
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English: social services
Spanish: asistencia social (ES)
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English: public assistance, benefits
Spanish: asistencia pública (MX), ayuda pública, subvención (ES)
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Comments:The usage of terms surrounding these concepts is very messy: people use a number of terms interchangeably, or sometimes with different meanings that aren't necessarily standardized. You might think that 'public benefits' would refer, specifically, to state funded healthcare, but many people use it interchangeably with 'public assistance', which can (and does) refer to monies received by persons who for whatever reason need financial assistance. 'Public assistance' can also refer to monies provided by the government to help develop certain industrial sectors, or small business loans (this, in Spain, is also referred to as ayudas públicas, so at least the ambiguity and confusion exist in both languages). When interpreting, do your best to match the specificity or vagueness of the source, and don't be afraid to use Spanglish or US usage ('beneficios', 'aseguranza médica'). After all, in many Spanish-speaking countries, publicly-funded healthcare is the norm, and so asking someone 'sus hijos tienen la sanidad pública?' might not make a lot of sense, especially in the US context.
English: benefits
Spanish: beneficios sociales (ES - benefits provided by an employer); beneficios.
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Comments:See also 'public assistance'.
English: welfare
Spanish: programas de bienestar
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Comments:Welfare' was a specific program rolled out across the United States during the 1990s, and has become a generalized term synonymous with 'public assistance' or 'public benefits', and is the topic of much heated debate. An interesting counterpoint to this is the way 'bienestar' is used in Spain, wherein most political parties, from the center-right through the left, talk about how important it is to 'mantener el estado de bienestar'.
English: social worker
Spanish: asistente social (ES)
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English: food stamps, food money (UK)
Spanish: estampillas de comida, cupones de alimentos
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Comments:Regardless of how these concepts may be referred to in other countries, these are the most widespread terms used for them in Spanish here in the United States. Regardless of the fact that they are now, generally, electronically distributed on a card and there are no cupones or estampillas.
English: case manager
Spanish: "gerente de casos" (US usage), el/la que lleva su caso, el/la asistente a cargo, encargado de su caso
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English: public health insurance
Spanish: seguro médico público, del gobierno
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Comments:In a number of Spanish-speaking countries, something close to universal health care has been instituted, frequently referred to as something similar to 'sanidad universal' or 'asistencia sanitaria pública', etc. In order to avoid confusion with such a system which (as of the time of writing, 2020) does not exist in the United States, refer more specifically to a government-provided insurance plan.
English: WIC
Spanish: WIC, el programa WIC
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English: food bank, food pantry
Spanish: banco de alimentos
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English: welfare state
Spanish: estado de bienestar
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Spanish: ingreso mínimo vital
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Spanish: subsidio
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Spanish: préstamo
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English: unemployment, the dole (UK)
Spanish: el paro
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Spanish: renta mínima
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English: the queue
Spanish: lista de documentos pendientes (de aceptar o rechazar)
Definition (English):This is the 'queue', or list, of documents that have been filed by respondent or respondents' counsel to a given IJ, and that are pending acceptance or rejection. It's digital.
Definition (Spanish):Una especie de cola o lista de documentos que o bien los comparecientes o sus representantes legales han presentado al Tribunal, dirigido a un juez de lo migratorio en particular, y que ese juez o su personal todavía no han aceptado o rechazado.
Comments:for example, 'Counsel, I understand you're telling me you filed that, but I don't see it in the queue.
English: CARR-compliant
Spanish: cumple con el caso CARR
Definition (English):An application, specifically an I-589, that complies with the requirements set forth in Matter of C-A-R-R-. In other words, an application that is filled out completely and does not rely on supplements for substantive answers.
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English: MAM hearing
Spanish: audiencia MAM
Definition (English):What would be called a 'competency evaluation' in criminal court, this type of hearing is carried out in order to determine mental competence of a respondent, in accordance with the BIA decision Matter of M-A-M-.
Definition (Spanish):Lo que, en lo penal, se llamaría algo como 'una evaluación de capacidad mental'. Las pautas para esta audiencia se basan en la jurisprudencia publicada por la Junta de Apelaciones Migratiorias, `Matter of M-A-M-`.
Comments:See also the entry on the underlying authority, Matter of M-A-M-, for more detail.